{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:00:58Z","timestamp":1777622458365,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003450","name":"Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australasian Faculty of Musculoskeletal Medicine"},{"name":"Australian Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine"},{"name":"Hackett-Hemwall Patterson Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T14:30:41Z","timestamp":1540391441000},"page":"e0205171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Relationship between ultrasound detected tendon abnormalities, and sensory and clinical characteristics in people with chronic lateral epicondylalgia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-2280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vijayakumar","family":"Palaniswamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Kay","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagarajan","family":"Manickaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Yelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rabago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Bisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30489-0","article-title":"Elbow tendinosis\/tennis elbow","volume":"11","author":"RP Nirschl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj325","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: A population study","volume":"164","author":"R Shiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/22.2.73","article-title":"Lateral humeral epicondylitis-a study of natural history and the effect of conservative therapy","volume":"22","author":"AI Binder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700405","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of tennis elbow. Incidence, recurrence, and effectiveness of prevention strategies","volume":"7","author":"HW Gruchow","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200311","article-title":"Electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of elbow function in tennis players with lateral epicondylitis","volume":"22","author":"JD Kelley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32351-8","article-title":"Tennis elbow","volume":"4","author":"RP Nirschl","year":"1973","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514568087","article-title":"The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study","volume":"43","author":"TL Sanders Jr.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(03)00035-8","article-title":"The painful nonruptured tendon: clinical aspects","volume":"22","author":"K Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051193","article-title":"Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy","volume":"43","author":"JL Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760777","article-title":"Sonographic examination of lateral epicondylitis","volume":"176","author":"D Connell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.043901","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasound in patients with chronic tennis elbow","volume":"42","author":"C du Toit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000345","article-title":"Diagnostic ultrasound imaging for lateral epicondylalgia: A case-control study","volume":"46","author":"LJ Heales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095422","article-title":"Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?","volume":"50","author":"JL Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01375.x","article-title":"Do patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy have an altered somatosensory profile?\u2014A Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) study","volume":"23","author":"CP van Wilgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097163","article-title":"Patellar and Achilles tendinopathies are predominantly peripheral pain states: a blinded case control study of somatosensory and psychological profiles","volume":"52","author":"ML Plinsinga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092329","article-title":"Sports and exercise-related tendinopathies: a review of selected topical issues by participants of the second International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium (ISTS) Vancouver 2012","volume":"47","author":"A Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.5841","article-title":"Management of Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy-One Size Does Not Fit All","volume":"45","author":"BK Coombes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2009.12.001","article-title":"Recognition of central sensitization in patients with musculoskeletal pain: Application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice","volume":"15","author":"J Nijs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052738","article-title":"A new integrative model of lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"43","author":"BK Coombes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4411","article-title":"Relationships between biomechanics, tendon pathology, and function in individuals with lateral epicondylosis","volume":"43","author":"AO Chourasia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181a68a040","article-title":"Widespread Mechanical Pain Hypersensitivity as Sign of Central Sensitization in Unilateral Epicondylalgia","volume":"25","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.107","article-title":"Assessment of mechanisms in localized and widespread musculoskeletal pain","volume":"6","author":"T Graven-Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","first-page":"221","article-title":"An evaluation of mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in patients with lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"5","author":"A Wright","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.04.015","article-title":"Exploration of the extent of somato-sensory impairment in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"10","author":"J Fernandez-Carnero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.04.001","article-title":"Topographical pressure and thermal pain sensitivity mapping in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"12","author":"B Ruiz-Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.04.005","article-title":"Evidence of spinal cord hyperexcitability as measured with nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) threshold in chronic lateral epicondylalgia with or without a positive neurodynamic test","volume":"13","author":"ECW Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref27","first-page":"595","article-title":"Thermal Hyperalgesia Distinguishes Those With Severe Pain and Disability in Unilateral Lateral Epicondylalgia","volume":"28","author":"BK Coombes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v02n04_07","article-title":"Hyperalgesia in Tennis Elbow Patients","volume":"2","author":"A Wright","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Musculoskeletal Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00183-9","article-title":"Neurokinin 1-receptors and sensory neuropeptides in tendon insertions at the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus. Studies on tennis elbow and medial epicondylalgia","volume":"22","author":"BO Ljung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0096-z","article-title":"The pain of tendinopathy: Physiological or pathophysiological?","volume":"44","author":"E Rio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.11.029","article-title":"Bilateral sensorimotor abnormalities in unilateral lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"87","author":"LM Bisset","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2006.10.003","article-title":"Validation of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire","volume":"20","author":"JD Rompe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1163\/156856901753702429","article-title":"Characterisation of chronic lateral epicondylalgia using the McGill pain questionnaire, visual analog scales, and quantitative sensory tests","volume":"13","author":"M Sran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Clin"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002087","article-title":"EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group","volume":"33","author":"R Rabin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/69.4.276","article-title":"Generalizability of Grip strength measurements in patients with tennis elbow","volume":"69","author":"PW Stratford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.33728","article-title":"Interobserver reproducibility of the assessment of severity of complaints, grip strength, and pressure pain threshold in patients with lateral epicondylitis","volume":"83","author":"N Smidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00293-1","article-title":"Clinical applications of quantitative sensory testing (QST)","volume":"153","author":"R Zaslansky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.025","article-title":"Age effects on pain thresholds, temporal summation and spatial summation of heat and pressure pain","volume":"115","author":"S Lautenbacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.02.003","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing: A comprehensive protocol for clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"R Rolke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0131-0","article-title":"The role of quantitative sensory testing in the evaluation of musculoskeletal pain conditions","volume":"12","author":"G Pavlakovi\u0107","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34718","article-title":"Intrarater Reliability of Pain Intensity, Tissue Blood Flow, Thermal Pain Threshold, Pressure Pain Threshold and Lumbo-Pelvic Stability Tests in Subjects with Low Back Pain","volume":"3","author":"A Paungmali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): Standardized protocol and reference values","volume":"123","author":"R Rolke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.04.0058","article-title":"Reliability and validity of quantitative sensory testing in persons with spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain","volume":"46","author":"ER Felix","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.08.009","article-title":"In vivo measurement of human achilles tendon morphology using freehand 3-D ultrasound","volume":"40","author":"SJ Obst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509359066","article-title":"Connell Da. Lateral elbow tendinopathy: correlation of ultrasound findings with pain and functional disability","volume":"38","author":"AW Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1335951","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Assessment of Tendon Thickness, Doppler Activity and Bony Spurs of the Elbow in Patients with Lateral Epicondylitis and Healthy Subjects: A Reliability and Agreement Study","volume":"34","author":"T Krogh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-011-1132-4","article-title":"Reliability of sonographic assessment of tendinopathy in tennis elbow","volume":"41","author":"L Poltawski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4711-x","article-title":"Extensor tendinopathy of the elbow assessed with sonoelastography: histologic correlation","volume":"27","author":"AS Klauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011746","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011746","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment for grading structural tendon changes in supraspinatus tendinopathy: an inter-rater reliability study","volume":"6","author":"KG Ingwersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.01.018","article-title":"Reliability and Agreement of Ultrasonographic Thickness Measurements of the Common Lateral Extensors of the Elbow","volume":"41","author":"M Teggeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000078","article-title":"Cold Hyperalgesia Associated with Poorer Prognosis in Lateral Epicondylalgia: A One Year Prognostic Study of Physical and Psychological Factors","volume":"31","author":"BK Coombes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"9754","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61160-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"376","author":"BK Coombes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17","article-title":"Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression","volume":"3","author":"Z Bursac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Source Code Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670000189","article-title":"Neovascularisation in Achilles tendons with painful tendinosis but not in normal tendons: An ultrasonographic investigation","volume":"9","author":"L \u00d6hberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00466","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.466","article-title":"Normative values of quantitative sensory testing in Hispanic Latino population","volume":"6","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Duarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw181","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Radial Nerves in Patients with Unilateral Refractory Lateral Epicondylitis","volume":"18","author":"E G\u00fcr\u00e7ay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12021","article-title":"Assessment of pressure-pain thresholds and central sensitization of pain in lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"14","author":"A Jespersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9514-2","article-title":"Age-related changes in structure and extracellular matrix protein expression levels in rat tendons","volume":"35","author":"TY Kostrominova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000681","article-title":"An investigation of the asymptomatic limb in unilateral lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"47","author":"LJ Heales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:31:57Z","timestamp":1775251917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205171"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Heiner","family":"Baur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]}}}