{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:49:23Z","timestamp":1792788563898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belspo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FRS-FNRS"},{"name":"IGF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T13:29:56Z","timestamp":1541597396000},"page":"e0205395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A genome-wide data assessment of the African lion (Panthera leo) population genetic structure and diversity in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-0801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Smitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Jouvenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Ambwene Ligate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William-George","family":"Crosmary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Ikanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Chardonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fusari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenny","family":"Meganck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Melletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan R.","family":"Michaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11543","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801918105","article-title":"Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of Quaternary and future extinctions","volume":"105","author":"AD Barnosky","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05650.x","article-title":"Comparative phylogeography of African savannah ungulates","volume":"21","author":"ED Lorenzen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000251","article-title":"The evolutionary dynamics of the lion Panthera leo revealed by host and viral population genomics","volume":"4","author":"A Antunes","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-70","article-title":"Revealing the maternal demographic history of Panthera leo using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis","volume":"14","author":"R Barnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x","article-title":"Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (Panthera leo) in West and Central Africa","volume":"38","author":"LD Bertola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137975","article-title":"Autosomal and mtDNA markers affirm the distinctiveness of lions in West and Central Africa","volume":"10","author":"LD Bertola","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3555","article-title":"The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (Panthera leo)","volume":"273","author":"R Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.06.007","article-title":"Large mammal population declines in Africa\u2019s protected areas","volume":"143","author":"ID Craigie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241484","article-title":"Status and ecological effects of the world\u2019s largest carnivores","volume":"343","author":"WJ Ripple","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"171","article-title":"Conservation of the African lion: contribution to a status survey","author":"P Chardonnet","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan","volume":"382","author":"K Nowell","year":"1996"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500664112","article-title":"Lion (Panthera leo) populations are declining rapidly across Africa, except in intensively managed areas","volume":"112","author":"H Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083500","article-title":"The lion in West Africa is critically endangered","volume":"9","author":"P Henschel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Bauer H, Packer C, Funston PF, Henschel P, Nowell K. Panthera leo (errata version published in 2017) [Internet]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. 2016 [cited 2018 Sep 6]. p. e.T15951A115130419. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"35","article-title":"West African lion population classified as regionally Endangered","volume":"41","author":"H Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"CATnews"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"34","article-title":"Lion status updates from five range countries in West and Central Africa","volume":"52","author":"P Henschel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cat News"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-012-0381-4","article-title":"The size of savannah Africa: A lion\u2019s (Panthera leo) view","volume":"22","author":"J Riggio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073808","article-title":"The trophy hunting of African lions: scale, current management practices and factors undermining sustainability","volume":"8","author":"PA Lindsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7560","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/523290a","article-title":"Traditional medicines: Tiger-bone trade could threaten lions","volume":"523","author":"VL Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Chardonnet P, Soto B, Fritz H, Crosmary W, Drouet-Hoguet N, Mesochina P, et al. Managing the conflicts between people and lion. Review and insights from the literature and field experience. Wildl Manag Work Pap. 2010;13."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.12.020","article-title":"The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers, and possible solutions","volume":"160","author":"PA Lindsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2005.00570.x","article-title":"Lion (Panthera leo) home ranges and livestock conflicts in Waza National Park, Cameroon","volume":"43","author":"H Bauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02395","article-title":"Sustainable trophy hunting of African lions","volume":"428","author":"K Whitman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12091","article-title":"Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence","volume":"16","author":"C Packer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.09.010","article-title":"The impact of sport-hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area","volume":"134","author":"AJ Loveridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"The theory of island biogeography","author":"RH McArthur","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623448","article-title":"Genetics, demography and viability of fragmented populations","author":"AG Young","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.05.002","article-title":"Genetics and extinction","volume":"126","author":"R Frankham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2307\/1382885","article-title":"Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations","volume":"78","author":"CR Lacy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5748","article-title":"A role for molecular genetics in biological conservation","volume":"91","author":"SJ O\u2019Brien","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190369","article-title":"The genetic tale of a recovering lion population (Panthera leo) in the Sav\u00e9 Valley region (Zimbabwe): A better understanding of the history and managing the future","volume":"13","author":"L Tensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2002.00473.x","article-title":"Genetic structure of lions (Panthera leo) in the Selous game reserve: Implications for the evolution of sociality","volume":"15","author":"G Spong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Genetic variation and depletion in a population of lions (Panthera leo) in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park","author":"B Stein","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Regional conservation strategy for the lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regional conservation strategy for the lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02515385","article-title":"Evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals","volume":"32","author":"DM Irwin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-528-2_2","article-title":"OLIGO 7 primer analysis software","volume":"402","author":"W Rychlik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-013-0453-3","article-title":"Genetic perspectives on \u201cLion Conservation Units\u201d in Eastern and Southern Africa","volume":"14","author":"JM Dubach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1999.5743","article-title":"A genetic linkage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat (Felis catus)","volume":"57","author":"M Menotti-Raymond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019379","article-title":"A robust, simple genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach for high diversity species","volume":"6","author":"RJ Elshire","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Andrews S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 2010."},{"issue":"19","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm308","article-title":"TASSEL: Software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples","volume":"23","author":"PJ Bradbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"B Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R112","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-11-r112","article-title":"Evaluation of genomic high-throughput sequencing data generated on Illumina HiSeq and genome analyzer systems","volume":"12","author":"AE Minoche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330","article-title":"The variant call format and VCFtools","volume":"27","author":"P Danecek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.092221","article-title":"A genome-scan method to identify selected loci appropriate for both dominant and codominant markers: a Bayesian perspective","volume":"180","author":"M Foll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x","article-title":"Micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data","volume":"4","author":"C Van Oosterhout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x","article-title":"Genepop: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux","volume":"8","author":"F Rousset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x","article-title":"Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows","volume":"10","author":"L Excoffier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"103","article-title":"Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics","author":"H Abdi","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/164.4.1567","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies","volume":"164","author":"D Falush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12387","article-title":"Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K","volume":"15","author":"NM Kopelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"G Evanno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Belkhir K, Borsa P, Chikhi L, Raufaste N, Bonhomme F. Genetix 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des populations. Montpellier (France); 2004."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-6-13","article-title":"Isolation by distance, web service","volume":"6","author":"JL Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460","article-title":"GenALEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update","volume":"28","author":"R Peakall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80221-X","article-title":"Emigration of subadult lions","volume":"35","author":"JP Hanby","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"The Serengeti Lion: a study of predator-prey relations","author":"G Schaller","year":"1972"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003998","article-title":"Home range utilisation and territorial behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) on Karongwe Game Reserve, South Africa","volume":"3","author":"MB Lehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Demography of lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia","volume":"18","author":"P Stander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Madoqua"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2009.05745.x","article-title":"Changes in home range size of African lions in relation to pride size and prey biomass in a semi-arid savanna","volume":"32","author":"AJ Loveridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecography (Cop)"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref64","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Estimating F-Statistics for the analysis of population structure","volume":"38","author":"BS Weir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution (N Y)"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"Ploner A. Heatplus: Heatmaps with row and\/or column covariates and colored clusters [Internet]. 2014. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/alexploner\/Heatplus\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/github.com\/alexploner\/Heatplus<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/144.4.2001","article-title":"Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data","volume":"144","author":"JM Cornuet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"Beal T, Belden C, Hijmans R, Mandel A, Norton M, Riggio J. Country profiles: Tanzania. Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab. [Internet]. 2015. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/gfc.ucdavis.edu\/profiles\/rst\/tza.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/gfc.ucdavis.edu\/profiles\/rst\/tza.html<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056235","article-title":"Pan-African genetic structure in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer): investigating intraspecific divergence","volume":"8","author":"N Smitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00080.x","article-title":"Applications of mitochondrial DNA analysis in conservation: a critical review","volume":"3","author":"C Moritz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-6-S1-S26","article-title":"Comparison of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites in inference of population structure","volume":"6","author":"N Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Broch\u00e9","author":"J Kingdon","year":"2003"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01516.x","article-title":"An exceptional case of historical outbreeding in African sable antelope populations","volume":"11","author":"C Pitra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"556","article-title":"Mammals of Africa: Volume VI: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids","author":"RD Estes","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.11.020","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of lion space use in a human-dominated landscape","volume":"101","author":"A Oriol-Cotterill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/S1367943003003263","article-title":"Altered behaviour in spotted hyenas associated with increased human activity","volume":"6","author":"EE Boydston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"33","article-title":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","author":"DJ Mattson","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.09.011","article-title":"Coexistence of African lions, livestock, and people in a landscape with variable human land use and seasonal movements","volume":"157","author":"P Schuette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00241.x","article-title":"Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores","volume":"3","author":"R Woodroffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S1367943004001829","article-title":"Lethal control of African lions (Panthera leo): local and regional population impacts","volume":"8","author":"R Woodroffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Conservation status of the lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) in Tanzania","author":"P M\u00e9sochina","year":"2010"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082541","article-title":"A social network analysis of social cohesion in a constructed pride: Implications for ex situ reintroduction of the African lion (Panthera leo)","volume":"8","author":"J Abell","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3957\/056.043.0202","article-title":"Management of reintroduced lions in small, fenced reserves in South Africa: An assessment and guidelines","volume":"43","author":"SM Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"South African J Wildl Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3957\/056.043.0116","article-title":"Lessons from Management Interventions: Consequences for Lion-Buffalo Interactions","volume":"43","author":"CJ Tambling","year":"2013","journal-title":"South African J Wildl Res"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073257","article-title":"Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion\u2019s mane","volume":"297","author":"PM West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-002-0515-x","article-title":"Space use in lions, Panthera leo, in the Selous Game Reserve: Social and ecological factors","volume":"52","author":"G Spong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-007-9003-6","article-title":"On the Nature and Significance of Variability in Lions (Panthera leo)","volume":"34","author":"BD Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1644\/05-MAMM-A-226R2.1","article-title":"Developmental effects of climate on the lion\u2019s mane (Panthera leo)","volume":"87","author":"BD Patterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024737317695","article-title":"The risk of inbreeding due to habitat loss in the lion (Panthera leo)","volume":"4","author":"M Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088081","article-title":"A metapopulation approach to African lion (Panthera leo) conservation","volume":"9","author":"S Dolrenry","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6327","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/351562a0","article-title":"A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions","volume":"351","author":"C Packer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144605","article-title":"Fenced and Fragmented: Conservation Value of Managed Metapopulations","volume":"10","author":"SM Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T01:06:26Z","timestamp":1720746386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205395"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tzen-Yuh","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]}}}