{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:52:41Z","timestamp":1792788761433,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS088965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS088965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001558","name":"Concern Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001558","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USC Coulter Translational Research Partnership Program"},{"name":"Barbara Mandel Family Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003909","name":"Brad Kamisky Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003909","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grayson\u2019s Gift"},{"name":"Rachel Ann Hage Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1546608492000},"page":"e0206394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Continuous and bolus intraventricular topotecan prolong survival in a mouse model of leptomeningeal medulloblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Shackleford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Y.","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rex A.","family":"Moats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung C.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Finlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuan Q.","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellis F.","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-4373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anat","family":"Erdreich-Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809341668","article-title":"Medulloblastoma","volume":"24","author":"G Dhall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.2299","article-title":"Survival and prognostic factors of early childhood medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"S Rutkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3234","article-title":"Comparison of CSF cytology and spinal magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of leptomeningeal disease in pediatric medulloblastoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor","volume":"17","author":"M Fouladi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.4324","article-title":"Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular variants","volume":"29","author":"PA Northcott","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21580","article-title":"Neuropsychological outcome following intensity-modulated radiation therapy for pediatric medulloblastoma","volume":"51","author":"N Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.00.703","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of risk-adapted therapy for childhood medulloblastoma","volume":"23","author":"RK Mulhern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70034-6","article-title":"Intrathecal chemotherapy for treatment of leptomeningeal dissemination of metastatic tumours","volume":"11","author":"P Beauchesne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24309","article-title":"A phase-1 pharmacokinetic optimal dosing study of intraventricular topotecan for children with neoplastic meningitis: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study","volume":"60","author":"SM Blaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(82)90088-7","article-title":"Clearance of albumin from mouse subarachnoid space: a measure of CSF bulk flow","volume":"6","author":"RA Rudick","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-5-10","article-title":"Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"CE Johanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Res"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"725","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetic study of topotecan in nonhuman primates","volume":"53","author":"SM Blaney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155213494940","article-title":"Pilot study assessing a seven-day continuous intrathecal topotecan infusion for recurrent or progressive leptomeningeal metastatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"HC Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"833","article-title":"Differentiation characteristics of newly established medulloblastoma cell lines (D384 Med, D425 Med, and D458 Med) and their transplantable xenografts","volume":"64","author":"XM He","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.02.013","article-title":"In vivo transduction by intravenous injection of a lentiviral vector expressing human ADA into neonatal ADA gene knockout mice: a novel form of enzyme replacement therapy for ADA deficiency","volume":"13","author":"DA Carbonaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.10.006","article-title":"Neonatal gene therapy of MPS I mice by intravenous injection of a lentiviral vector","volume":"11","author":"H Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181468c68","article-title":"Medulloblastomas expressing IL13Ralpha2 are targets for IL13-zetakine+ cytolytic T cells","volume":"29","author":"MJ Stastny","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.07.028","article-title":"In vitro models of medulloblastoma: Choosing the right tool for the job","volume":"236","author":"DP Ivanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24976","article-title":"Pediatric brain tumor cell lines","volume":"116","author":"J Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E21","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26474","article-title":"OTX2 directly activates cell cycle genes and inhibits differentiation in medulloblastoma cells","volume":"131","author":"J Bunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.72.7842","article-title":"Medulloblastoma: from myth to molecular","volume":"35","author":"V Ramaswamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0922-z","article-title":"Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus","volume":"123","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156907","article-title":"BarTeL, a genetically versatile, bioluminescent and granule neuron precursor-targeted mouse model for medulloblastoma","volume":"11","author":"GM Shackleford","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0922-z","article-title":"Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus","volume":"123","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.08.009","article-title":"Intraventricular methotrexate as part of primary therapy for children with infant and\/or metastatic medulloblastoma: Feasibility, acute toxicity and evidence for efficacy","volume":"51","author":"RS Pompe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor025","article-title":"Treatment of young children with localized medulloblastoma by chemotherapy alone: results of the prospective, multicenter trial HIT 2000 confirming the prognostic impact of histology","volume":"13","author":"AO von Bueren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042176","article-title":"Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone","volume":"352","author":"S Rutkowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1358-0","article-title":"Liposomal cytarabine in neoplastic meningitis from primary brain tumors: a single institutional experience","volume":"34","author":"P Gaviani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318041f112","article-title":"Feasibility and toxicity of intrathecal liposomal cytarabine in 5 children and young adults with refractory neoplastic meningitis","volume":"29","author":"M Benesch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25174","article-title":"Proposed strategy for the use of high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and intrathecal topotecan without whole-brain irradiation for infantile classic medulloblastoma","volume":"61","author":"A Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Effective schedules of exposure of medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts to topotecan correlate with in vitro assays","volume":"4","author":"CA Pawlik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1731","article-title":"Intermittent exposure of medulloblastoma cells to topotecan produces growth inhibition equivalent to continuous exposure","volume":"3","author":"MK Danks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685936","article-title":"Activity of 9-dimethylaminomethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin against pediatric and adult central nervous system tumor xenografts","volume":"34","author":"HS Friedman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00001813-199808000-00010","article-title":"Synergistic cytotoxicity of topoisomerase I inhibitors with alkylating agents and etoposide in human brain tumor cell lines","volume":"9","author":"AJ Janss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2174\/187152010794479825","article-title":"Topoisomerase I inhibitors in the treatment of primary CNS malignancies: an update on recent trends","volume":"10","author":"JP Sasine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.04.053","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of intrathecal topotecan in patients with neoplastic meningitis","volume":"21","author":"SM Blaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2.2.323","article-title":"Alternative administration of camptothecin analogues","volume":"2","author":"U Glaberman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23317","article-title":"Phase 2 clinical trial of intrathecal topotecan in children with refractory leptomeningeal leukemia: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group trial (P9962)","volume":"58","author":"SL Potter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"3222","article-title":"Schedule-dependent activity of topotecan in OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma xenograft: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation","volume":"7","author":"S Guichard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.34.3293","article-title":"Pilot induction regimen incorporating pharmacokinetically guided topotecan for treatment of newly diagnosed high-risk neuroblastoma: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group study","volume":"29","author":"JR Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.10-9-686","article-title":"Hematologic safety and tolerability of topotecan in recurrent ovarian cancer and small cell lung cancer: an integrated analysis","volume":"10","author":"DK Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.9-1-33","article-title":"Topotecan dosing guidelines in ovarian cancer: reduction and management of hematologic toxicity","volume":"9","author":"DK Armstrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12587","article-title":"Updated Japanese growth references for infants and preschool children, based on historical, ethnic and environmental characteristics","volume":"103","author":"N Kato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew185","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid volume in neonates undergoing spinal anaesthesia: a descriptive magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"117","author":"A Rochette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"99","article-title":"Peptide Drug Delivery to the Brain","author":"W Pardridge","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.08.002","article-title":"Recent insights into a new hydrodynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"65","author":"M Bulat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2013.02.002","article-title":"Reassessing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics: a literature review presenting a novel hypothesis for CSF physiology","volume":"17","author":"B Chikly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200607000-00027","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord distribution of baclofen and bupivacaine during slow intrathecal infusion in pigs","volume":"105","author":"CM Bernards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12781","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for intrathecal baclofen in patients with severe spasticity","volume":"81","author":"HW Heetla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor051","article-title":"Prolonged intracerebral convection-enhanced delivery of topotecan with a subcutaneously implantable infusion pump","volume":"13","author":"AM Sonabend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0206394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T09:38:51Z","timestamp":1589017131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0206394"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Balveen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0206394","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/443994","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]}}}