{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:00:37Z","timestamp":1787022037576,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IBN-0343744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBN-0343744"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOB-0517257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOB-0517257"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-1050154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1050154"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-1456503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1456503"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship"},{"name":"Welles Research Fund"},{"name":"Welles Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012199","name":"Jurassic Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012199","name":"Jurassic Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T13:29:11Z","timestamp":1545226151000},"page":"e0207381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Convoluted nasal passages function as efficient heat exchangers in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia: Thyreophora)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6966-8020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9421-5384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wm. Ruger","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-0118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"363","article-title":"The Dinosauria","author":"MK Vickaryous","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Columbia University","author":"WPJ Coombs","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"318","article-title":"The Armored Dinosaurs","author":"MK Vickaryous","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2004)024[0874:HOAOIF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Histology of ankylosaur osteoderms: implications for systematics and function","volume":"24","author":"TM Scheyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2005)031[0291:TEAFOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs","volume":"31","author":"RP Main","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4202\/app.2009.0103","article-title":"Function and Evolution of Ankylosaur Dermal Armor","volume":"55","author":"S Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x","article-title":"The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: Origin, evolution, and development","volume":"214","author":"MK Vickaryous","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"637","article-title":"The Bony Eyelid of Euoplocephalus (Reptilia, Ornithischia)","volume":"46","author":"WPJ Coombs","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Paleontol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"45","article-title":"New data on the skull of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ankylosauria)","volume":"25","author":"T Marya\u0144ska","year":"1971","journal-title":"Paleontol Pol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"85","article-title":"Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia","volume":"37","author":"T Maryanska","year":"1977","journal-title":"Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"187","article-title":"The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous","volume":"24","author":"B Brown","year":"1908","journal-title":"Bull Am Museum Nat Hist"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"143","article-title":"The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria","volume":"21","author":"WPJ Coombs","year":"1978","journal-title":"Paleontology"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"456","article-title":"The Dinosauria","author":"WPJ Coombs","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1997.10011027","article-title":"The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity","volume":"17","author":"LM Witmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"205","article-title":"Nasal salt gland in dinosaurs","volume":"24","author":"H Osm\u00f3lska","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"A New Specimen of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Ankylosaurs","author":"R V. Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Museum Novit"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1096-3642.2003.00045.x","article-title":"A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): A foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs","volume":"137","author":"MK Vickaryous","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1139\/e04-043","article-title":"Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America","volume":"41","author":"K Carpenter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[1011:NIOTCA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New information on the cranial anatomy of Edmontonia rugosidens Gilmore, a Late Cretaceous nodosaurid dinosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta","volume":"26","author":"MK Vickaryous","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20794","article-title":"The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure","volume":"291","author":"LM Witmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01427.x","article-title":"The internal cranial morphology of an armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus corroborated by X-ray computed tomographic reconstruction","volume":"219","author":"T Miyashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"437","article-title":"Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology","author":"AL Kierszenbaum","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000113845","article-title":"Chemoreception in Crocodilians\u2014Anatomy, Natural-History, and Empirical Results","volume":"41","author":"PJ Weldon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20592","article-title":"Reconstruction and morphometric analysis of the nasal airway of the dog (Canis familiaris) and implications regarding olfactory airflow","volume":"290","author":"BA Craven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04169.x","article-title":"The narial excrescence and pterygoid bulla of the gharial, Gavialis gangeticus (Crocodilia)","volume":"182","author":"BGH Martin","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2007.00818.x","article-title":"A nose that roars: Anatomical specializations and behavioural features of rutting male saiga","volume":"211","author":"R Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1643\/CE-12-125","article-title":"Long-Distance Signaling in Crocodylia","volume":"2013","author":"V Dinets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.51.6.1192","article-title":"Countercurrent Heat Exchange in the Respiratory Passages","volume":"51","author":"DC Jackson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90075-7","article-title":"Counter-current heat exchange in the respiratory passages: Effect on water and heat balance","volume":"9","author":"K Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90079-4","article-title":"Exhaled Air Temperature and Water Conservation in Lizards","volume":"10","author":"DE Murrish","year":"1970","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(71)86262-8","article-title":"A model of respiratory heat transfer in a small mammal","volume":"11","author":"JC Collins","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(73)90030-3","article-title":"Respiratory heat and water exchange in penguins","volume":"19","author":"DE Murrish","year":"1973","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(79)90079-3","article-title":"Nasal heat exchange in the giraffe and other large mammals","volume":"37","author":"VA Langman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012197","article-title":"The evolution of nasal turbinates and mammalian endothermy","volume":"18","author":"WJ Hillenius","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"207","article-title":"Turbinates in therapsids: evidence for Late Permian origins of mammalian endothermy","volume":"48","author":"WJ Hillenius","year":"1994","journal-title":"Evolution (N Y)"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Ruben JA, Hillenius WJ, Geist NR, Leitch A, Terry D, Currie PJ, et al. The Metabolic Status of Some Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 273, No. 5279 (Aug. 30, 1996), pp. 1204\u20131207 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/28\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/28<\/ext-link>. 2009;273: 1204\u20131207."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199810)20:10<852::AID-BIES11>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of the dinosaurs","volume":"20","author":"JA Ruben","year":"1998","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1086\/317750","article-title":"Nasal respiratory turbinate function in birds","volume":"73","author":"NR Geist","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1086\/425185","article-title":"The Evolution of Endothermy in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Who? When? Why?","volume":"77","author":"WJ Hillenius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward Improved CFD Predictions of Slender Airframe Aerodynamics Using the F-16XL Aircraft (CAWAPI-2)","volume":"419","author":"JM Luckring","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIAA"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092016","article-title":"Aerodynamics of Race Cars","author":"J Katz","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.08.010","article-title":"Rethinking hospital general ward ventilation design using computational fl uid dynamics","volume":"77","author":"R Yam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.4.0676","article-title":"Effects of arterial geometry on aneurysm growth: three- dimensional computational fluid dynamics study","volume":"101","author":"Y Hoi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1730","article-title":"Assessment of Septal Deviation Effects on Nasal Air Flow: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model","author":"XB Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Assessment of Septal Deviation Effects on Nasal Air Flow: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and Verification of a High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Canine Nasal","volume":"131","author":"BA Craven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development and Verification of a High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Canine Nasal"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.097402","article-title":"The role of the olfactory recess in olfactory airflow","volume":"217","author":"TP Eiting","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8206","article-title":"Computer simulation of inspiratory airflow in all regions of the F344 rat nasal passages","volume":"145","author":"JS Kimbell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0490","article-title":"The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia","volume":"7","author":"B a Craven","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1086\/319300","article-title":"Scaling of respiratory variables and the breathing pattern in birds: An allometric and phylogenetic approach","volume":"74","author":"PB Frappell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.04.014","article-title":"On the origin of avian air sacs","volume":"154","author":"CG Farmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206196","article-title":"Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13C-18O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals","volume":"333","author":"RA Eagle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8296","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9296","article-title":"Isotopic ordering in eggshells reflects body temperatures and suggests differing thermophysiology in two Cretaceous dinosaurs","volume":"6","author":"RA Eagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.001","article-title":"Body temperature daily rhythm adaptations in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana)","volume":"92","author":"AA Kinahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4565(94)00061-M","article-title":"Dependency of surface temperature regulation on body size in terrestrial mammals","volume":"20","author":"PK Phillips","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-011-0609-8","article-title":"Taking the heat: Thermoregulation in Asian elephants under different climatic conditions","volume":"182","author":"NM Weissenb\u00f6ck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.076521","article-title":"Heat storage in Asian elephants during submaximal exercise: Behavioral regulation of thermoregulatory constraints on activity in endothermic gigantotherms","volume":"216","author":"MF Rowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"251","article-title":"Heat balance in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)","volume":"21","author":"VA Langman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Natl Geogr Res Reports"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"155","article-title":"Chemical Immobilization of Free-Ranging Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Using Combinations of Etorphine (M99), Fentanyl, and Xylazine","volume":"21","author":"M Kock","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"51","article-title":"Temperature regulation in the white rhinoceros","volume":"143","author":"DB Allbrook","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1638\/2006-0007R1.1","article-title":"Reference cardiopulmonary physiologic parameters for standing, unrestrained white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum)","volume":"38","author":"SB Citino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007541","article-title":"Continuous radiotelemetric records of the deep body temperature of some unrestrained African mammals under near-natural conditions","volume":"176","author":"J Bligh","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(82)90013-5","article-title":"Respiration and metabolism in the giraffe","volume":"50","author":"VA Langman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"556","article-title":"Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation","author":"CC Schwartz","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90122-S","article-title":"Body temperature in birds","volume":"99","author":"R Prinzinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2307\/1369441","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in basal metabolism and body temperature of a large bird, the emu","volume":"95","author":"SK Maloney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1965.tb07287.x","article-title":"The deep body temperature of an unrestrained ostrich Struthio camelus recorded continuously by a radio-telemetric technique","volume":"107","author":"J Bligh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ibis (Lond 1859)"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/204355a0","article-title":"Galapagos tortoise and marine iguana deep body temperature measured by radio telemetry","volume":"204","author":"RS Mackay","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(76)90058-X","article-title":"The effect of large body size on the temperature regulation of the komodo dragon, Varanus komodoensis","volume":"55","author":"BK McNab","year":"1976","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Physiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.21.3803","article-title":"Respiratory water loss in free-flying pigeons","volume":"204","author":"G Michaeli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-2513-4","article-title":"The air-conditioning capacity of the human nose","volume":"33","author":"S Naftali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Life in Moving Fluids","author":"S Vogel","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Physiological Implications of Dinosaur Cephalic Vascular Systems","author":"WR Porter","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2012.06.027","article-title":"Evidence for taphonomic size bias in the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Alberta), a model Mesozoic terrestrial alluvial-paralic system","volume":"372","author":"CM Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2013.11.014","article-title":"Implications of beak morphology for the evolutionary paleoecology of the megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada","volume":"394","author":"JC Mallon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2016.1208194","article-title":"Diversity and convergences in the evolution of feeding adaptations in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)*","volume":"29","author":"A \u0150si","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hist Biol. Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167826","article-title":"Scaling: Why is animal size so important?","author":"K Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"764","article-title":"Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris","author":"VM Arbour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs","author":"GS Paul","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1475","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1475","article-title":"Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia","volume":"3","author":"LG Leahey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23046","article-title":"Breathing Life Into Dinosaurs: Tackling Challenges of Soft-Tissue Restoration and Nasal Airflow in Extinct Species","volume":"297","author":"JM Bourke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"143","article-title":"Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution","author":"T Owerkowicz","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.005","article-title":"Nasal conchae function as aerodynamic baffles: Experimental computational fluid dynamic analysis in a turkey nose (Aves: Galliformes)","volume":"234","author":"JM Bourke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005771","article-title":"Respiratory turbinates of canids and felids: a quantitative comparison","volume":"264","author":"B Van Valkenburgh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000830202","article-title":"Nasal structure in lizards with reference to olfaction and conditioning of the inspired air","volume":"83","author":"RC Stebbins","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(73)90119-9","article-title":"Ventilation in two species of lizards during rest and activity","volume":"46","author":"AF Bennett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol\u2014Part A Physiol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03716","article-title":"Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs","volume":"436","author":"PM O\u2019Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300018091","article-title":"Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs","volume":"29","author":"MJ Wedel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180219","article-title":"Unidirectional airflow in the lungs of alligators","volume":"327","author":"CG Farmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.60","article-title":"Pulmonary anatomy in the Nile crocodile and the evolution of unidirectional airflow in Archosauria","volume":"1","author":"ER Schachner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"367","article-title":"Unidirectional pulmonary airflow patterns in the savannah monitor lizard","volume":"506","author":"ER Schachner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature. Nature Publishing Group"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vascular Patterns in Iguanas and Other Squamates: Blood Vessels and Sites of Thermal Exchange","author":"WR Porter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vascular Patterns in Iguanas and Other Squamates: Blood Vessels and Sites of Thermal Exchange"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12539","article-title":"Vascular patterns in the heads of crocodilians: blood vessels and sites of thermal exchange","volume":"229","author":"WR Porter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23375","article-title":"Avian Cephalic Vascular Anatomy, Sites of Thermal Exchange, and the Rete Ophthalmicum","volume":"299","author":"WR Porter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.37.3.30152398","article-title":"Head-Body Temperature Differences in Horned Lizards","volume":"37","author":"JE Heath","year":"1964","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(73)90343-5","article-title":"Thermoregulation in pythons-II. Head-body temperature differences and thermal preferenda in australian pythons","volume":"45","author":"CR Johnson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol\u2014Part A Physiol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(74)90538-6","article-title":"Thermoregulation in Crocodilians-I. Head-Body Temperature Control in the Papuan-New Guinean Crocodiles, Crocodylus novaeguineae and Crocodylus porosus","volume":"49A","author":"CR Johnson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(76)80040-0","article-title":"A physical basis for head-body temperature differences in reptiles","author":"FH Pough","year":"1976","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology\u2014Part A: Physiology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.02.011","article-title":"Respiratory cooling and thermoregulatory coupling in reptiles","volume":"154","author":"GJ Tattersall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(74)90081-4","article-title":"Control of Brain Temperature in Dogs: Effects of Tracheostomy","volume":"22","author":"MA Baker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(77)90178-5","article-title":"A physiological basis for head-body temperature differences in a panting lizard","author":"EC Crawford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology\u2014Part A: Physiology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.44.030182.000505","article-title":"Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise","volume":"44","author":"M a Baker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.08.079","article-title":"Selective brain cooling: A multiple regulatory mechanism","volume":"29","author":"M Caputa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"33","article-title":"Using CT to Peer into the Past: 3D Visualization of the Brain and Ear Regions of Birds, Crocodiles, and Nonavian Dinosaurs","author":"LM Witmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat Imaging"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Nasal Conchae and blood supply in some dinosaurs: Physiological implications narial novelty in dinosaurs","author":"LM Witmer","journal-title":"Nasal Conchae and blood supply in some dinosaurs: Physiological implications narial novelty in dinosaurs"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"175","article-title":"Nasal Anatomy and the Phylogeny of Reptiles","volume":"13","author":"TS Parsons","year":"1959","journal-title":"Evolution (N Y)"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"397","article-title":"Evolution of the nasal structure in the lower tetrapods","volume":"7","author":"TS Parsons","year":"1967","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"195","article-title":"Nasal cavity and olfactory system","author":"BG Bang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Form and Function in Birds"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052250304","article-title":"Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae","volume":"225","author":"LM Witmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1475","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1475","article-title":"Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia","volume":"3","author":"LG Leahey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Breathing Life Into Dinosaurs: Tackling Challenges of Soft-Tissue Restoration and Nasal Airflow in Extinct Species","author":"JM Bourke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"101","article-title":"Studies on the comparative embryology of the reptilian nose","volume":"120","author":"TS Parsons","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull Museum Comp Zool"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"8","article-title":"Euoplocephalus tutus and the Diversity of Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA","author":"VM Arbour","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062681","article-title":"Nostril position in dinosaurs and other vertebrates and its significance for nasal function","volume":"293","author":"LM Witmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"235","article-title":"On the Structure of the Snout of Crossopterygians and Lower Gnathostomes in General","volume":"21","author":"E Jarvik","year":"1942","journal-title":"Zool Bidr Upsala"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"45","article-title":"Handb Avian Anat Nomina Anat Avium","author":"J Baumel","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2992\/0097-4463(2006)75[137:VITOPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Variation in the Os Palatinum and Its Structural Relation To the Palatum Osseum of Birds (Aves)","volume":"75","author":"RL Zusi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Carnegie Museum"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2010.00998.x","article-title":"Gross Morphology of the Intra-Oral rhamphotheca, Oropharynx and Proximal Oesophagus of the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)","volume":"39","author":"MR Crole","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Med Ser C Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"99","article-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","volume":"Volume 2","author":"TS Parsons","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00337.x","article-title":"Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications","volume":"152","author":"O Rieppel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"19","article-title":"Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology","author":"LM Witmer","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"Library","author":"MK Vickaryous","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"Osteology of the Reptiles","author":"AS Romer","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref123","article-title":"The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses","author":"V Negus","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04063.x","article-title":"The Nature and Function of the Mammalian Epipharynx","volume":"153","author":"AJE Cave","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Zool Soc London"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"281","article-title":"Dinosaur Systematics Approaches and Perspectives","author":"K Carpenter","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.005","article-title":"The anatomical logic of smell","volume":"28","author":"TA Schoenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1934.03600040074006","article-title":"Principles underlying ciliary activity in the respiratory tract","volume":"20","author":"A Lucas","year":"1934","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"29","article-title":"On the Mechanics of Mucociliary Flows. II","volume":"34","author":"H Winet","year":"1982","journal-title":"A Fluorescent Tracer Method for Obtaining Flow Velocity Profiles in Mucus"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620201103","article-title":"Automatic Three-Dimensional Mesh Generation by the Modified-OCTREE Technique","volume":"20","author":"MA Yerry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Eng"},{"key":"ref130","first-page":"589","article-title":"Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Fluid Mechanics","author":"P Georges","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620320406","article-title":"Automatic Three-Dimensional Mesh Generation by the Finite OCTREE Technique","volume":"32","author":"MS Shephard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Eng"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9274(97)00092-5","article-title":"Tetrahedral and Heahedral Mesh Adaptation for CFD Problems","volume":"26","author":"R Biswas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Numer Math"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"350","article-title":"Effects of mesh style and grid convergence on particle deposition in bifurcating airway models with comparisons to experimental data","volume":"29","author":"PW Longest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Effects of mesh style and grid convergence on particle deposition in bifurcating airway models with comparisons to experimental data"},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparative Biomechanics: Life\u2019s Physical World","author":"S Vogel","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21382","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Structure of the Nasal Passageway of a Hagfish and its Implications for Olfaction","volume":"294","author":"WM Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"5\u20131","article-title":"The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics","author":"JF Foss","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1955.sp005276","article-title":"Method for the Calculation of Velocity, Rate of Flow and Viscous Drag in Arteries when the Pressure Gradient is Known","volume":"127","author":"JR Womersley","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.29.1.399","article-title":"Blood Flow in Arteries","volume":"29","author":"DN Ku","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fluid Mech"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2012.06.027","article-title":"Evidence for taphonomic size bias in the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Alberta), a model Mesozoic terrestrial alluvial-paralic system","volume":"372","author":"CM Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj008","article-title":"Numerical modeling of turbulent and laminar airflow and odorant transport during sniffing in the human and rat nose","volume":"31","author":"K Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"471","article-title":"Investigation of the impact of the geometry on the nose flow","volume":"25","author":"I H\u00f6rschler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investigation of the impact of the geometry on the nose flow"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2010.06.005","article-title":"Airflow and nanoparticle deposition in rat nose under various breathing and sniffing conditions\u2014A computational evaluation of the unsteady and turbulent effect $","volume":"41","author":"J Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci. Elsevier"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.2514\/3.10042","article-title":"Multiscale model for turbulent flows","volume":"26","author":"DC Wilcox","year":"1988","journal-title":"AIAA J"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2307\/3515374","article-title":"Oxygen Isotopes from Turtle Bone: Applications for Terrestrial Paleoclimates?","volume":"14","author":"RE Barrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Palaios"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2004.07.015","article-title":"Latitudinal temperature gradient during the Cretaceous Upper Campanian-Middle Maastrichtian: \u03b4 18O record of continental vertebrates Latitudinal temperature gradient during the Cretaceous Upper Campanian\u2013Middle Maastrichtian: y 18 O record of continen","volume":"226","author":"R Amiot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci Lett"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Implications of Airflow Dynamics and Soft-Tissue Reconstructiosn for the Heat Exchange Potential of Dinosaur Nasal Passages","author":"JM Bourke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ohio University"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511801822","article-title":"Animal Physiology","author":"K Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref148","article-title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","author":"J Tu","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1981.0009","article-title":"Desaturation of exhaled air in camels","volume":"211","author":"K Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.453","article-title":"Scaling of respiratory variables in mammals","volume":"22","author":"WR Stahl","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207381","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1662654636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207381"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207381","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]}}}