{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:23:08Z","timestamp":1790630588246,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Danish Strategic Research Council","award":["10-093105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-093105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T18:59:16Z","timestamp":1543517956000},"page":"e0207905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Medical treatment of Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children\u2019s academic performance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Keilow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-3591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anders","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fallesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6209","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260497","article-title":"Adolescent mental health\u2014opportunity and obligation","volume":"346","author":"FS Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","author":"D Daley","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-015-0144-2","article-title":"Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on School Performance: What are the Effects of Medication?","volume":"17","author":"R Baweja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.5.757","article-title":"Impact of Executive Function Deficits and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder on Academic Outcomes in Children","volume":"72","author":"J Biederman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currie, J, Stabile, MB. Child Mental Health and Human Capital Accumulation: The Case of ADHD. On-Line Working Paper Series, California center for Population Research, UC Los Angeles. 2004: 1\u201342.","DOI":"10.3386\/w10435"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental Health and Academic Success in College","volume":"9","author":"D Eisenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"The BE Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcw001","article-title":"The Role of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Adolescence for Adult Educational Attainment: Evidence from Sibling Comparisons","volume":"32","author":"M Evensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.10.010","article-title":"Child mental health and human capital accumulation: The case of ADHD revisited","volume":"27","author":"J Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900502","article-title":"Childhood Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Educational Attainment","volume":"69","author":"JD McLeod","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707741104","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation","volume":"104","author":"P Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"39","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407787111","article-title":"Lag in maturation of the brain\u2019s intrinsic functional architecture in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"111","author":"CS Sripada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"50","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710329105","article-title":"Neuro-anatomic evidence for the maturational delay hypothesis of ADHD","volume":"104","author":"K. Rubia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.001","article-title":"The importance of children&apos;s ADHD for parents&apos; relationship stability and labor supply","volume":"88","author":"AP Kvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.55","article-title":"Offspring ADHD as a risk factor for parental marital problems: Controls for genetic and environmental confounds","volume":"15","author":"AC Schermerhorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Twin Research and Human Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146515595046","article-title":"The Effect of Medical Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on Foster Care Caseloads: Evidence from Danish Registry Data","volume":"56","author":"P Fallesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"The medicalization of deviant behavior","author":"P. Conrad","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.019","article-title":"The impending globalization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder","volume":"122","author":"P Conrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"From Badness to Sickness","author":"P Conrad","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref19","author":"SP Hinshaw","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000095","article-title":"The evidence-based pharmacological treatment of paediatric ADHD","volume":"15","author":"BS Vaughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"87","article-title":"Ritalin, theory and practice","author":"R Schachar","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710368486","article-title":"Long-Term Treatment of ADHD with Stimulants: A Large Observational Study of Real-Life Patients","volume":"15","author":"SG Powell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of attention disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30108-1","article-title":"The Stimulants Revisited","volume":"9","author":"TE Wilens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639408402700","article-title":"Methylphenidate and information processing. Part 1: Differentiation between responders and nonresponders; Part 2: Efficacy in responders","volume":"16","author":"LM De Sonneville","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting Methylphenidate Response in ADHD Using Machine Learning Approaches","volume":"18","author":"J-W Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512462888","article-title":"Adolescent mental health, behavior problems, and academic achievement","volume":"53","author":"JD McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1086\/210137","article-title":"Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation during Young Adulthood","volume":"104","author":"RA Miech","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-327","article-title":"Do inattention and hyperactivity symptoms equal scholastic impairment? Evidence from three European cohorts","volume":"7","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1406","article-title":"The Impact of Early Behavior Disturbances on Academic Achievement in High School","volume":"123","author":"J Breslau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.6.1428","article-title":"School Readiness and Later Achievement","volume":"43","author":"GJ Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcw036","article-title":"Understanding Heterogeneity in the Effects of Parental Separation on Educational Attainment in Britain: Do Children from Lower Educational Backgrounds Have Less to Lose?","volume":"32","author":"F Bernardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2016.09.004","article-title":"Non-intact families and diverging educational destinies: A decomposition analysis for Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States","volume":"63","author":"F Bernardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12075","article-title":"Proceed with caution? Parents&apos; union dissolution and children&apos;s educational achievement","volume":"76","author":"W Sigle\u2010Rushton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1993.12085646","article-title":"Effects of Methylphenidate on the Academic Performance of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities","volume":"22","author":"CL Carlson","year":"1993","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"193","article-title":"Ritalin, theory and practice","author":"WE Pelham","year":"2000"},{"issue":"7 suppl","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394715","article-title":"Danish education registers","volume":"39","author":"VM Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"7 suppl","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394717","article-title":"The Danish national prescription registry","volume":"39","author":"HW Kildemoes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379904401005","article-title":"Lessons From Large Trials: The MTA Study as a Model for Evaluating the Treatment of Childhood Psychiatric Disorder","volume":"44","author":"MH Boyle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.12.1073","article-title":"A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"56","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12325","article-title":"Early Discontinuation of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Drug Treatment: A Danish Nationwide Drug Utilization Study","volume":"116","author":"A Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Ministry of Children and Education. Orientering om folkeskolens afsluttende pr\u00f8ver 2011\/2012; 2011."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414553657","article-title":"Medical Adaptation to Academic Pressure Schooling, Stimulant Use, and Socioeconomic Status","volume":"79","author":"MD King","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III- R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-91","article-title":"Behavioural symptoms of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in preterm and term children born small and appropriate for gestational age: A longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"K Heinonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.088872","article-title":"Gestational age, birth weight, and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder","volume":"91","author":"KM Linnet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of disease in childhood"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, J, Lehrer., SF. Using genetic lotteries within families to examine the causal impact of poor health on academic achievement. NBER Working Paper. 2009; 15148.","DOI":"10.3386\/w15148"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Ministry of Children and Education. BEK nr 262 af 20\/03\/2007 G\u00e6ldende (Bekendtg\u00f8relse om karakterskala og anden bed\u00f8mmelse). In 262. Lovtidende A: Ministry of Children and Education; 2007."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.60","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies","volume":"21","author":"NE Adler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00424-4","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the utilisation of physicians&apos; services: results from the Canadian National Population Health Survey","volume":"51","author":"S Dunlop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317020-00004","article-title":"Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"17","author":"J. Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000244506.86885.a5","article-title":"Mental health treatment dropout and its correlates in a general population sample","volume":"45","author":"J. Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2307\/270872","article-title":"The measurement and decomposition of causal effects in nonlinear and nonadditive models","author":"RM Stolzenberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Danish Health and Medicines Authority. Mere end ti-dobling i antallet af personer i behandling med medicin mod ADHD p\u00e5 ti \u00e5r. 2010."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1265-y","article-title":"The use of medication against attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Denmark: a drug use study from a national perspective","volume":"68","author":"A Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2307\/1909757","article-title":"Dummy endogenous variables in a simultaneous equation system","volume":"46","author":"JJ Heckman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-007-9024-4","article-title":"Is the Magic Still There? The Use of the Heckman Two-Step Correction for Selection Bias in Criminology","volume":"23","author":"S Bushway","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.05.005","article-title":"Consequences of ADHD medication use for children\u2019s outcomes","volume":"37","author":"S Dalsgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Ministry of Children and Education. LBK nr 521 af 27\/05\/2013 G\u00e6ldende (Folkeskoleloven). In 521. Lovtidende A: Ministry of Children and Education; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12160","article-title":"Maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of miscarriage\u2013assessing potential biases","volume":"29","author":"RLR Johansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizer, A. Peer Effects and Human Capital Accumulation: the Externalities of ADD. NBER Working Paper. 2008; 14354.","DOI":"10.3386\/w14354"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Do Stimulant Medications Improve Educational and Behavioral Outcomes for Children with ADHD?","author":"J Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"National Bureau of Economic Research"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207905","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T10:10:33Z","timestamp":1605521433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207905"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nouchine","family":"Hadjikhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}}}