{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:23:35Z","timestamp":1770333815839,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH 1R01GM117617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1R01GM117617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T13:48:54Z","timestamp":1544622534000},"page":"e0208621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Decoupling environmental effects and host population dynamics for anthrax, a classic reservoir-driven disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-2146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Nekorchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadie J.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Ponciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-4831","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15328-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"363","author":"D Sack","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.003","article-title":"The Ecology of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"30","author":"M Hugh-Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects in Medicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-010-9507-6","article-title":"Multiple Transmission Pathways and Disease Dynamics in a Waterborne Pathogen Model","volume":"72","author":"J Tien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of Mathematical Biology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019896","article-title":"Modeling Routes of Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission: Environmental Prion Persistence Promotes Deer Population Decline and Extinction","volume":"6","author":"E Almberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01928.x","article-title":"Elk distribution and spatial overlap with livestock during the brucellosis transmission risk period: Elk and livestock overlap and disease risk","volume":"48","author":"K Proffitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.274","article-title":"Environmental persistence of Brucella abortus in the Greater Yellowstone Area","volume":"76","author":"K Aune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.1016","article-title":"Elk resource selection and implications for anthrax management in Montana","volume":"80","author":"L Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Mathematical epidemiology","volume":"vol. 1945","author":"L Allen","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/280361a0","article-title":"Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I","volume":"280","author":"R Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"772","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1927.0118","article-title":"A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics","volume":"115","author":"W Kermack","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/280455a0","article-title":"Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II","volume":"280","author":"R May","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"81","article-title":"Mathematical Epidemiology","author":"L Allen","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400841035","article-title":"Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals","author":"M Keeling","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2012.10.004","article-title":"Anthrax epizootic and migration: Persistence or extinction","volume":"241","author":"A Friedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0307-904X(81)90034-2","article-title":"A mathematical model of an anthrax epizootic in the Kruger National Park","volume":"5","author":"P Furniss","year":"1981","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modeling"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004153","article-title":"Cholera Transmission in Ouest Department of Haiti: Dynamic Modeling and the Future of the Epidemic","volume":"9","author":"A Kirpich","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/280361a0","article-title":"Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II","volume":"280","author":"R Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8790.2004.00807.x","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of mycoplasmal conjuctivitis in eastern North American house finches","volume":"73","author":"S Altizer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2938","article-title":"Seasonality and wildlife disease: how seasonal birth, aggregation and variation in immunity affect the dynamics of <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum<\/italic> in house finches","volume":"271","author":"P Hosseini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7","article-title":"West Nile Virus","volume":"2","author":"G Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.09.029","article-title":"Pathogen transmission at stage-structured infectious patches: Killers and vaccinators","volume":"436","author":"T Caraco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of theoretical biology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00480.x","article-title":"How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease?","volume":"6","author":"K Lafferty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x","article-title":"Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"S Altizer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.016","article-title":"Anthrax undervalued zoonosis","volume":"140","author":"A Fasanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Micobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1336","article-title":"Anthrax and wildlife","volume":"21","author":"M Hugh-Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties"},{"issue":"1795","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20141785","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1785","article-title":"Fatal attraction: vegetation responses to nutrient inputs attract herbivores to infectious anthrax carcass sites","volume":"281","author":"W Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27311","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27311","article-title":"Lethal exposure: An integrated approach to pathogen transmission via environmental reservoirs","volume":"6","author":"W Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12207","article-title":"Frequent and seasonally variable sublethal anthrax infections are accompanied by short-lived immunity in an endemic system","volume":"83","author":"C Cizauskas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-017-0110-4","article-title":"A cross-validation-based approach for delimiting reliable home range estimates","volume":"5","author":"ER Dougherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Movement ecology"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3800(83)90009-1","article-title":"A deterministic model of an anthrax epizootic: threshold results","volume":"20","author":"BD Hahn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ecological modelling"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/573146","article-title":"Global stability of an anthrax model with environmental decontamination and time delay","volume":"2015","author":"S Mushayabasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"A serological study of bison (Bison bison) in an area of northern Canada experiencing sporadic and epizootic anthrax","author":"J Rijks","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-05-126","article-title":"Ante- and postmortem diagnostic techniques for anthrax: rethinking pathogen exposure and the geographic extent of the disease in wildlife","volume":"49","author":"K Bagamian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00869.x","article-title":"Anthrax explodes in an Australian summer","volume":"87","author":"AJ Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-10-253","article-title":"Differentiation of springtime vegetation indices associated with summer anthrax epizootics in west Texas, USA, deer","volume":"49","author":"JK Blackburn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of wildlife diseases"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"An introduction to stochastic processes with applications to biology","author":"LJ Allen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2010.01.006","article-title":"Stochastic epidemic models: A survey","volume":"225","author":"T Britton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Modeling indirect transmission disease risk: anthrax in Bison in southwestern Montana","author":"D Nekorchuk","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-08-204","article-title":"Dances with Anthrax: Wolves (Canis lupus) Kill Anthrax Bacteremic Plains Bison (Bison bison bison) in Southwestern Montana","volume":"50","author":"J Blackburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Disease"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049773","article-title":"Serology and anthrax in humans, livestock and Etosha National Park wildlife","volume":"108","author":"P Turnbull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"295","article-title":"The ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible","volume":"36","author":"D Dragon","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002903","article-title":"Interactions between Bacillus anthracis and Plants May Promote Anthrax Transmission","volume":"8","author":"H Ganz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3168-3174.2006","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis Multiplication, Persistence, and Genetic Exchange in the Rhizosphere of Grass Plants","volume":"72","author":"E Saile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb05181.x","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis but not always anthrax","volume":"72","author":"P Turnbull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7778","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.7778-7780.2005","article-title":"Effects of long-term storage on plasmid stability in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"71","author":"CK Marston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.2307\/2265697","article-title":"Hypothesis Regarding the Abruptness of Density Dependence and the Growth Rate of Populations","volume":"77","author":"W Getz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"256","article-title":"Investigation, control and epizootiology of anthrax in a geographically isolated, free-roaming bison population in northern Canada","volume":"59","author":"C Gates","year":"1995","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-201","article-title":"Reproduction and Survival of Yellowstone Bison","volume":"71","author":"J Fuller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-002","article-title":"An assessment of the reproductive biology of Yellowstone bison (Bison bison) subpopulations using noncapture methods","volume":"74","author":"J Kirkpatrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001079","article-title":"First principles modeling of nonlinear incidence rates in seasonal epidemics","volume":"7","author":"JM Ponciano","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"A first course in stochastic processes","author":"S Karlin","year":"1975"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00119.x","article-title":"Allee effects: population growth, critical density, and the chance of extinction","volume":"3","author":"B Dennis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Natural Resource Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1523","article-title":"The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history","volume":"6","author":"HA Orr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.2307\/3809584","article-title":"Calving Patterns among American Bison","volume":"53","author":"J Shaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-04-095","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of detected anthrax outbreaks in wild wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) in northern Canada, 1962-2008","volume":"50","author":"A Salb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Disease"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"576","article-title":"Cholera and climate: revisiting the quantitative evidence","volume":"14","author":"M Pascual","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.06.017","article-title":"The many guises of R0 (a didactic note)","volume":"404","author":"J Cushing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of theoretical biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1103","article-title":"Modeling the geographic distribution of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, for the contiguous United States using predictive ecologic niche modeling","volume":"77","author":"JK Blackburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"152","article-title":"Anthrax in free-ranging bison in the Prince Albert National Park area of Saskatchewan in 2008","volume":"50","author":"T Shury","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"134","article-title":"Northwest Territories. Anthrax in bison in Wood Buffalo National Park","volume":"33","author":"E Broughton","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00872.x","article-title":"A review of anthrax in Canada and implications for research on the disease in northern bison","volume":"87","author":"D Dragon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"37","article-title":"Northwest Territories: An outbreak of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) in free-roaming bison in the Northwest Territories, June-July 2006","volume":"48","author":"J Nishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538","article-title":"The necrophagous fly anthrax transmission pathway: empirical and genetic evidence from wildlife epizootics","volume":"14","author":"JK Blackburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T20:23:20Z","timestamp":1588969400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208621"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ernest","family":"Tambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208621","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]}}}