{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:56:08Z","timestamp":1781664968780,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq DECIT","award":["401791\/2014-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401791\/2014-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T18:29:14Z","timestamp":1547144954000},"page":"e0209491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Leprosy survey among rural communities and wild armadillos from Amazonas state, Northern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-0817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariane Martins Ara\u00fajo","family":"Stefani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Sammarco","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio Barcelos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-9189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Pedro Mendes","family":"Schetinni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Manh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Araci Andrade","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Raquel Vincenzi","family":"Fachin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida Maria Foschiani Dias","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Virmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lucia Fernandes","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson Oliveira","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1086\/505222","article-title":"Development of leprosy and type 1 leprosy reactions after treatment with infliximab: a report of 2 cases","volume":"43","author":"DM Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0941","article-title":"Nerve damage in leprosy and its management","volume":"4","author":"EP Wilder-Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref3","first-page":"461","article-title":"Global leprosy update, 2014: need for early case detection","volume":"90","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-010-9287-1","article-title":"Leprosy as a genetic disease","volume":"22","author":"A Alter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.76.3.198","article-title":"Leprosy in wild armadillos","volume":"76","author":"R. Truman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.174554","article-title":"Is CXCL10\/CXCR3 axis overexpression a better indicator of leprosy type 1 reaction than inducible nitric oxide synthase?","volume":"142","author":"I Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"6313","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah3783","article-title":"Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli","volume":"354","author":"C Avanzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"DM Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.112.3.445","article-title":"THE EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE THAT FOLLOWS THE INJECTION OF HUMAN LEPROSY BACILLI INTO FOOT-PADS OF MICE","volume":"112","author":"CC Shepard","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","first-page":"657","article-title":"Considerations of the application of the foot pad technic in leprosy research","volume":"33","author":"CC Shepard","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","first-page":"48","article-title":"Quantitative aspects of leprosy in armadillos","volume":"49","author":"WF Kirchheimer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","first-page":"229","article-title":"Attempts to establish the Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus linn.) as a model for the study of leprosy. II. Histopathologic and bacteriologic post-mortem findings in lepromatoid leprosy in the Armadillo","volume":"40","author":"WF Kirchheimer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4127","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4127.851","article-title":"Leprosy in the armadillo: new model for biomedical research","volume":"183","author":"EE Storrs","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","first-page":"347","article-title":"Leprosy-like disease occurring naturally in armadillos","volume":"18","author":"GP Walsh","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Reticuloendothel Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","first-page":"693","article-title":"Attempts to establish the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) as a model for the study of leprosy. I. Report of lepromatoid leprosy in an experimentally infected armadillo","volume":"39","author":"WF Kirchheimer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Evidence of zoonotic leprosy in Par\u00e1, Brazilian Amazon, and risks associated with human contact or consumption of armadillos","author":"B. Moises","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.09.017","article-title":"qPCR detection of Mycobacterium leprae in biopsies and slit skin smear of different leprosy clinical forms","volume":"21","author":"MC Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9050-7","article-title":"Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: phylogenetic and ecological aspects","volume":"165","author":"E Bagagli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.12.002","article-title":"Phylogenetic and evolutionary aspects of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis reveal a long coexistence with animal hosts that explain several biological features of the pathogen","volume":"6","author":"E Bagagli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","first-page":"34","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA by PCR in blood sample from nine-banded armadillo: preliminary results","volume":"70","author":"PD Deps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1489\/1544-581X(2003)71<10:ENLAOI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum and orbital involvement","volume":"71","author":"U Dhaliwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.962","article-title":"Case-control study of armadillo contact and Hansen&apos;s disease","volume":"78","author":"BM Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31816f8610","article-title":"Three indigenous cases of leprosy in the Mississippi delta","volume":"101","author":"JM Abide","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.070","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy in a woman from the state of Georgia with armadillo exposure","volume":"55","author":"JE Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010536","article-title":"Probable zoonotic leprosy in the southern United States","volume":"364","author":"RW Truman","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e318172dd6c","article-title":"Armadillos as a source of infection for leprosy","volume":"101","author":"R. Truman","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150501","article-title":"Zoonotic Leprosy in the Southeastern United States","volume":"21","author":"R Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","first-page":"18","article-title":"Comparative study of Mitsuda reaction to nude mouse and armadillo lepromin preparations using nine-banded armadillos","volume":"68","author":"CK Job","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"21","article-title":"PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) of <italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/italic> from human lepromas and from a natural case of an armadillo of Corrientes, Argentina","volume":"69","author":"MJ Zumarraga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822007000100019","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae infection in wild nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) using the rapid ML Flow test","volume":"40","author":"PD Deps","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.80.4.424","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/italic> DNA in nine-banded armadillos (<italic>Dasypus novemcinctus<\/italic>) from the Andean region of Colombia","volume":"80","author":"N Cardona-Castro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822007000100019","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae infection in wild nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) using the rapid ML Flow test","volume":"40","author":"PD Deps","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1413-8670(10)70010-6","article-title":"Search for Mycobacterium leprae in wild mammals","volume":"14","author":"SC Pedrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010215","article-title":"The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"6","author":"R Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067613","article-title":"Seasonal and spatial trends in the detectability of leprosy in wild armadillos","volume":"106","author":"RW Truman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.017","article-title":"Differential growth of Mycobacterium leprae strains (SNP genotypes) in armadillos","volume":"62","author":"R Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T07:01:28Z","timestamp":1606028488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209491"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Roques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}