{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:51:18Z","timestamp":1787313078496,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T14:16:11Z","timestamp":1549548971000},"page":"e0209978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Teaching of cursive writing in the first year of primary school: Effect on reading and writing skills"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7575-7783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cristina","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Cassibba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Lucangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.11.005","article-title":"Lifts and stops in proficient and dysgraphic handwriting","volume":"33","author":"V. Paz-Villagraen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3917\/devel.013.0004","article-title":"Troubles d\u2019\u00e8criture et dyslexie: revue th\u00e8 orique, aspects cliniques et approche exp\u00e8rimentale [Writing disorders and dyslexia: Theoretical review, clinical aspects and experimental approach]","volume":"4","author":"F. Brun-Henin","year":"2013","journal-title":"D\u00e8veloppements"},{"key":"ref3","volume":"1","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0128388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128388","article-title":"\u201cLet Me Hear Your Handwriting!\u201d Evaluating the Movement Fluency from Its Sonification","volume":"10","author":"J Danna","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17239\/jowr-2011.03.01.3","article-title":"From novice to expert: Implications of language skills and writing-relevant knowledge for memory during the development of writing skill","volume":"3","author":"D McCutchen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Writing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590244000070","article-title":"Even in adults, written production is still more costly than oral production","volume":"37","author":"B Bourdin","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Writing and cognition: Implications of the cognitive architecture for learning to write and writing to learn","author":"D. McCutchen","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3501_3","article-title":"Knowledge, processing, and working memory: Implications for a theory of writing","volume":"35","author":"D. McCutchen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Educational psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.1.170","article-title":"Role of mechanics in composing of elementary school students: A new methodological approach","volume":"89","author":"S. Graham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of educational psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.1.44","article-title":"Relationship between automaticity in handwriting and students' ability to generate written text","volume":"91","author":"D Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of educational psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psfr.2005.05.008","article-title":"\u00c9crire, orthographier et r\u00e9diger des textes","volume":"50","author":"M Fayol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychologie fran\u00e7aise"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"161","article-title":"Evaluation of a tactile training for handwriting acquisition in French kindergarten children: A pilot study","author":"C. Jolly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kindergartens: Teaching mthods, expectations and current challenges"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.4.652","article-title":"Treatment of handwriting problems in beginning writers: Transfer from handwriting to composition","volume":"89","author":"V. W. Berninger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.620","article-title":"Is handwriting causally related to learning to write? Treatment of handwriting problems in beginning writers","volume":"92","author":"S. Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of educational psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.4.587","article-title":"Early intervention for spelling problems: Teaching functional spelling units of varying size with a multiple-connections framework","volume":"90","author":"V. W. Berninger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/00220679809597574","article-title":"Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1\u20139","volume":"92","author":"S. Graham","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.4.669","article-title":"Contribution of spelling instruction to the spelling, writing, and reading of poor spellers","volume":"94","author":"S. Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of educational psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.2001.1085","article-title":"Primary grade teachers' theoretical orientations concerning writing instruction: Construct validation and a nationwide survey","volume":"27","author":"S. Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-018-9819-8","article-title":"Perception of the cursive handwriting movement in writers and pre-writers","volume":"31","author":"N. Bonneton-Bott\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3501_2","article-title":"The role of self-regulation and transcription skills in writing and writing development","volume":"35","author":"S Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Educational psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/00220679809597574","article-title":"Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1\u20139","volume":"92","author":"S. Graham","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1990.70.3.759","article-title":"Development of handwriting in primary school: A longitudinal study","volume":"70","author":"L Hamstra-Bletz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Perceptual and motor skills"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Literacy: An introduction to the ecology of written language","author":"D Barton","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.11.020","article-title":"Learning different allographs through handwriting: The impact on letter knowledge and reading acquisition","volume":"45","author":"F. Bara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref26","author":"C Freinet","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00818","article-title":"Influence of handwriting skills during spelling in primary and lower secondary grades","volume":"4","author":"V. Pontart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1068\/p260905","article-title":"Visual perception of motor anticipation in cursive handwriting: Influence of spatial and movement information on the prediction of forthcoming letters","volume":"26","author":"J. P. Orliaguet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.05.007","article-title":"Visual and proprioceptive recognition of cursive letters in young children","volume":"129","author":"A Vinter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/105345127901500210","article-title":"Cursive writing: An aid to reading and spelling","volume":"15","author":"H. S Kaufman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Academic Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.11.040","article-title":"Temporal variability in continuous versus discontinuous drawing for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder","volume":"431","author":"J. Bo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience letters"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(90)90008-4","article-title":"Phonological and motoric demands in handwriting: Evidence for discrete transmission of information","volume":"74","author":"G. P Van Galen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jmld.2012-0001","article-title":"Developmental characteristics in cursive and printed letter-writing for school-age children","volume":"2","author":"J. Bo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"161","article-title":"Motor skills and written language perception: Contribution of writing knowledge to visual recognition of graphic shapes","author":"J. L Velay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language and action in cognitive neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.20360\/G21S3V","article-title":"The effects of manuscript, cursive or manuscript\/cursive styles on writing development in Grade 2","volume":"14","author":"M. F. Morin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Language and literacy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1775","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001775","article-title":"Haptic guidance improves the visuo-manual tracking of trajectories","volume":"3","author":"J Bluteau","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1068\/p260905","article-title":"Visual perception of motor anticipation in cursive handwriting: Influence of spatial and movement information on the prediction of forthcoming letters","volume":"26","author":"J. P. Orliaguet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"5624","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083661","article-title":"Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions","volume":"300","author":"R. M. Spencer","year":"2003","journal-title":"science"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067931","article-title":"Functional anatomy of writing with the dominant hand","volume":"8","author":"S. G. Horovitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00209-3","article-title":"Visually- and motor-based knowledge of letters: Evidence from a pure alexic patient","volume":"40","author":"P. Bartolomeo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830070053009","article-title":"Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"53","author":"F. X. Castellanos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Cornoldi, C (2009) PRCR-2\/2009: Prerequisite of reading and writing skills. Giunti OS, Organizzazioni Speciali."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Tressoldi, P. E., Cornoldi, C and Re, A. M (2013) BVSCO-2: Test for the Evaluation of Writing and Orthographic Ability. Giunti OS."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Cornoldi, C and Colpo, G (2004) Battery for primary school. Giunti."},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Angelelli, P., Notarnicola, A., Costabile, D., Marinelli, V., Judica, A., Zoccolotti, P et al. (2008) DDO.: Diagnosis of spelling disorders in developmental age. Edizioni Erickson."},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Poli, S., Friso, G and Russo, M. R (2012) Write in cursive. Pregraphics activity on the letters. Edizioni Erickson."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.07.033","article-title":"An examination of writing pauses in the handwriting of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder","volume":"35","author":"M. M. Prunty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"A Field","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2008.05.005","article-title":"Children\u2019s cognitive effort and fluency in writing: Effects of genre and of handwriting automatization","volume":"19","author":"T. Olive","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.291","article-title":"Teaching spelling and composition alone and together: Implications for the simple view of writing","volume":"94","author":"V. W. Berninger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.11.014","article-title":"How does the interaction between spelling and motor processes build up during writing acquisition?","volume":"136","author":"S Kandel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1053451208328826","article-title":"Where does handwriting fit in? Strategies to support academic achievement","volume":"44","author":"S. M. Cahill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intervention in School and Clinic"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Graham, S., & Hebert, M. (2010) Writing to read: Evidence for how writing can improve reading: A report from Carnegie Corporation of New York."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17161\/foec.v42i4.6903","article-title":"Effective writing instruction for students who have writing difficulties","volume":"42","author":"T. Santangelo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Focus on exceptional children"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"41","article-title":"Conceptions et pratiques en graphomotricite\u00b4 chez des enseignants de primaire en France et au Qu\u00e8bec","volume":"176","author":"F. Bara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revue Franc\u00b8aise de P\u00e8dagogie"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209978","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T11:32:37Z","timestamp":1662895957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209978"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xuchu","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209978","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]}}}