{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:59:07Z","timestamp":1781272747751,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AI138851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AI138851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008648","name":"Pfizer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T18:34:50Z","timestamp":1547145290000},"page":"e0210105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Evaluation of a national cryptococcal antigen screening program for HIV-infected patients in Uganda: A cost-effectiveness modeling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-0231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radha","family":"Rajasingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Meya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-259X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7834-866X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Nakawuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom M.","family":"Chiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-0060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David R.","family":"Boulware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-2387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix613","article-title":"Inadequacy of high-dose fluconazole monotherapy among cerebrospinal fluid Cryptococcal Antigen (CrAg)-positive human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in an Ethiopian CrAg screening program","volume":"65","author":"T Beyene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051291","article-title":"Long term 5-year survival of persons with cryptococcal meningitis or asymptomatic subclinical antigenemia in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"EK Butler","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit794","article-title":"Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 501 patients with HIV-associated Cryptococcal meningitis: implications for improving outcomes","volume":"58","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1086\/655143","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of serum cryptococcal antigen screening to prevent deaths among HIV-infected persons with a CD4+ cell count &lt; or = 100 cells\/microL who start HIV therapy in resource-limited settings","volume":"51","author":"DB Meya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1086\/597262","article-title":"Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa","volume":"48","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv046","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigenemia in immunocompromised HIV patients in rural Tanzania: A preventable cause of early mortality","volume":"2","author":"E Letang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis screening and community-based early adherence support in people with advanced HIV infection starting antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania and Zambia: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","author":"S Mfinanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for Managing Advanced HIV Disease and Rapid Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy 2017 <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/255884\/1\/9789241550062-eng.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/255884\/1\/9789241550062-eng.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children. 2018. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/cryptococcal-disease\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/cryptococcal-disease\/en\/<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069288","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of cryptococcal antigen screening as a strategy to prevent HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158986","article-title":"Screening HIV-Infected Patients with Low CD4 Counts for Cryptococcal Antigenemia prior to Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy: Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Screening Strategies in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"BA Larson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix872","article-title":"High Cryptococcal Antigen Titers in Blood Are Predictive of Subclinical Cryptococcal Meningitis Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients","volume":"66","author":"RM Wake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Morawski B, DR; B, al. e. Pre-ART Cryptococcal Antigen Titer Associated with Preemptive Fluconazole Failure. CROI; Boston, Massachusetts. 2016 <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.croiconference.org\/sessions\/pre-art-cryptococcal-antigen-titer-associated-preemptive-fluconazole-failure\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.croiconference.org\/sessions\/pre-art-cryptococcal-antigen-titer-associated-preemptive-fluconazole-failure<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalintya E MD, Lofgren S, Hullsiek KH, Boulware DR, Rajasingham R. A prospective evaluation of a Cryptococcal screening and treatment program in HIV clinics in Uganda. CROI; Boston, Massachusetts. 2018.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001669"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data Geneva, Switzerland2018"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Uganda Revenue Authority Kampala, Uganda2018 [<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ura.go.ug\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.ura.go.ug<\/ext-link>.]"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"International Medical Products Price Guide Arlington, VA: Management Sciences of Health; 2016 [<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/mshpriceguide.org\/en\/home\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/mshpriceguide.org\/en\/home\/<\/ext-link>.]"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001669","article-title":"A Prospective Evaluation of a Multisite Cryptococcal Screening and Treatment Program in HIV Clinics in Uganda","volume":"78","author":"E Nalintya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312884","article-title":"Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"370","author":"DR Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Trends in CD4 Count at Presentation to Care and Treatment Initiation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2002\u20132013: A Meta-analysis","author":"MJ Siedner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a39979","article-title":"Immunodeficiency at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle-, and high-income countries","volume":"65","author":"D Avila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv046","article-title":"Cryptococcal Antigenemia in Immunocompromised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Rural Tanzania: A Preventable Cause of Early Mortality","volume":"2","author":"E Letang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Rhein J, Hullsiek KH, Bahr NC, Tugume L, Nuwagira E, Ssebambulidde K, Kiggundu R, Evans EE, Mpoza E, Williams DA, Abassia M, Musubire A, Muzoora C, Meya DB, Boulware DR, editor High Mortality Associated with Unmasking Cryptococcal Meningitis. CROI; 2018; Boston."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw151","article-title":"Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment Strategies Affected by the Explosive Cost of Flucytosine in the United States: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis","volume":"62","author":"M Merry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T02:08:52Z","timestamp":1662775732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210105"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eileen","family":"Stillwaggon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}