{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:35:28Z","timestamp":1784903728004,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T13:37:09Z","timestamp":1547127429000},"page":"e0210421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Marked reduction in fertility among African women with urogenital infections: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5201-8171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K.","family":"Perslev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-0149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"O. A.","family":"Msemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. T. R.","family":"Minja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. G.","family":"Theander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. P. A.","family":"Lusingu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. C.","family":"Bygbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. B.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Schmiegelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO. Infertility definitions and terminology.Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/topics\/infertility\/definitions\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"WHO. Reproductiv health.Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/reproductive_health\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","first-page":"257","article-title":"Global access to infertility care in developing countries: a case of human rights, equity and social justice","volume":"3","author":"W Ombelet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Facts, views & vision in ObGyn"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.7.1448","article-title":"Repeating episodes of low fecundability. A multicentre European study. The European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity","volume":"12","author":"O Basso","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology","author":"WC Borghtb MV","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex025","article-title":"Estimating infertility prevalence in low-to-middle-income countries: an application of a current duration approach to Demographic and Health Survey data","volume":"32","author":"CB Polis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"WHO. Infecundity, infertility, and childlessness in developing countries. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Comparative reports No. 9. 2004;Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/infertility\/DHS_9\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem046","article-title":"International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care","volume":"22","author":"J Boivin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-87","article-title":"Infertility care and the introduction of new reproductive technologies in poor resource settings","volume":"12","author":"L Bahamondes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproductive biology and endocrinology: RB&E"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv016","article-title":"Infertility around the globe: new thinking on gender, reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century","volume":"21","author":"MC Inhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human reproduction update"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.08.066","article-title":"International disparities in access to infertility services","volume":"85","author":"RD Nachtigall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertility and sterility"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913912472415","article-title":"Consequences of infertility in developing countries","volume":"133","author":"B Rouchou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives in public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00087-9","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of infertility among African women: a cross-national survey of twenty-seven nations","volume":"42","author":"K Ericksen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Social science & medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1395274","article-title":"Access to infertility care in the developing world: the family promotion gap","volume":"33","author":"OA Asemota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seminars in reproductive medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-10-17","article-title":"Measuring infertility in populations: constructing a standard definition for use with demographic and reproductive health surveys","volume":"10","author":"MN Mascarenhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Population health metrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den141","article-title":"Involuntary childlessness: a neglected problem in poor-resource areas","volume":"2008","author":"F Van Balen","year":"2008","journal-title":"ESHRE Monographs"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2014.936052","article-title":"Women in limbo: life course consequences of infertility in a Nigerian community","volume":"17","author":"M Hollos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human fertility (Cambridge, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.09.005","article-title":"Age-related infertility","volume":"42","author":"NM Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.6.1532","article-title":"Smoking and female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"C Augood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"i4262","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and fecundability: prospective Danish cohort study","volume":"354","author":"EM Mikkelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1086\/652395","article-title":"Risk of sequelae after Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women","volume":"201","author":"CL Haggerty","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.09.013","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and women's sexual and reproductive health","volume":"123","author":"SL Gottlieb","year":"2013","journal-title":"International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2015-0023","article-title":"Obesity and fertility","volume":"24","author":"D Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v13i4.37","article-title":"The pattern and challenges of infertility management in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"O Adegbola","year":"2013","journal-title":"African health sciences"},{"issue":"8455","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90594-X","article-title":"WORLDWIDE PATTERNS OF INFERTILITY: IS AFRICA DIFFERENT?","volume":"326","author":"W Cates","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","first-page":"53","article-title":"Comparison of waist circumference using the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health protocols","volume":"23","author":"J Patry-Parisien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","first-page":"571","article-title":"Obesity epidemiology trends by race\/ethnicity, gender, and education: National Health Interview Survey, 1997\u20132012","volume":"45","author":"C Arroyo-Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.030","article-title":"The normal menstrual cycle in women","volume":"124","author":"M Mihm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal reproduction science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13448","article-title":"International standards for early fetal size and pregnancy dating based on ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length in the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"44","author":"AT Papageorghiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology: the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15894","article-title":"Ultrasound-based gestational-age estimation in late pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"AT Papageorghiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology: the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on"},{"issue":"8455","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90594-X","article-title":"Worldwide patterns of infertility: is Africa different?","volume":"2","author":"W Cates","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","first-page":"441","article-title":"Association between history of abdominopelvic surgery and tubal pathology","volume":"13","author":"O Famurewa","year":"2013","journal-title":"African health sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v79i1.8919","article-title":"Reproductive tract infections among women attending primary health care facilities in Moshi, Tanzania","volume":"79","author":"SE Msuya","year":"2002","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181a866b8","article-title":"Association of age at first sex with HIV-1, HSV-2, and other sexual transmitted infections among women in northern Tanzania","volume":"36","author":"M Ghebremichael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31818b20e6","article-title":"Alcohol abuse, sexual risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections in women in Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania","volume":"36","author":"M Ghebremichael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","first-page":"679","article-title":"Mid-stream vs. first-voided urine collection by using automated analyzers for particle examination in healthy subjects: an Italian multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"F Manoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"WHO. Point-Of-Care Diagnostic Tests (POCTs) for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/topics\/rtis\/pocts\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.014845","article-title":"Lack of effectiveness of syndromic management in targeting vaginal infections in pregnancy in Entebbe, Uganda","volume":"82","author":"CJ Tann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted infections"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i2.29","article-title":"Determinants of fertility in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"DG Ayele","year":"2015","journal-title":"African health sciences"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research WHO. Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2008. 2011;Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/unsafe_abortion\/9789241501118\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2015.1121981","article-title":"Effect of long-term using of hormonal contraception on anti-Mullerian hormone secretion","volume":"32","author":"R Kucera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecological endocrinology: the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000220","article-title":"Management of uterine fibroids in pregnancy: recent trends","volume":"27","author":"SG Vitale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932003001895","article-title":"The association between HIV and fertility in a cohort study in rural Tanzania","volume":"35","author":"SC Hunter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of biosocial science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000355112","article-title":"Severe iron deficiency is associated with a reduced conception rate in female rats","volume":"77","author":"YQ Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecologic and obstetric investigation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interrelationships between anemia and fertility patterns in rural Egyptian women","volume":"13","author":"OA Darwish","year":"1979","journal-title":"The Egyptian population and family planning review"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Bygbjerg I, Schmiegelow C. Foetal Exposure and Epidemiological Transition: The Role of Anaemia in Early Life for Non-Communicable Diseases in Later Life. Available from: https:\/\/publichealthkudk\/about-the-department\/global\/project\/foetalforncd\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Bygbjerg I. Foetal Exposure and Epidemiological Transition: Role of Anaemia in Early Life for Non-communicable Diseases Later. Clinical trial registration, NCT02191683,. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrialsgov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02191683<\/ext-link>. 2016."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T20:11:37Z","timestamp":1588968697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210421"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Antonio Simone","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210421","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}