{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:28:34Z","timestamp":1782487714679,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T18:32:42Z","timestamp":1548959562000},"page":"e0210532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The characteristics and patterns of utilization of healthcare services among Omanis with substance use disorders attending therapy for cessation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nabila","family":"Al Wahaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwaar","family":"Al Lawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falaah","family":"Al Ruqeishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulla","family":"Al Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Al-Farsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahira M. A.","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Al Hinai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Sibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeetha","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-5582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samir","family":"Al-Adawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590801888752","article-title":"Alcohol and substance use in the Arabian Gulf region: a review.","volume":"44","author":"TS AlMarri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-006-9046-4","article-title":"Hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption among non-psychotic psychiatric clinic attendees in Oman","volume":"5","author":"ZAJ Zaidan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00579708","article-title":"Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects","volume":"18","author":"P. Kalix","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharm World Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604526","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/604526","article-title":"Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) Dependence Potential and Pattern of Use in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2015","author":"SI Abdelwahab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.5.1913","article-title":"Effectiveness of an intervention program on knowledge of oral cancer among the youth of Jazan, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"MF Quadri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref6","author":"S. Al-Adawi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"World Population Review. Oman Population 2018. Accessed on March 20, 2018 from worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/oman-population\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198435","article-title":"Perceived peer norms, health risk behaviors, and clustering of risk behaviors among Palestinian youth","volume":"13","author":"P Glick","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042617731338","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Cigarette Use Trends in the United States among Multiracial and Other Youth, 1994\u20132008","volume":"48","author":"TC Goings","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0752-y","article-title":"Age patterns in risk taking across the world","volume":"47","author":"N Duell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"15","article-title":"In Psychoactive Drug Abuse in Hong Kong","author":"YW Cheung","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13946","article-title":"Associations between adolescent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline: a longitudinal co\u2010twin control study","volume":"113","author":"MH Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2013.759005","article-title":"The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice","volume":"28","author":"L Lander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Work Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1108\/EDI-02-2017-0045","article-title":"Localisation in an emerging Gulf economy: Understanding the role of education, job attributes and analysing the barriers in its process.","volume":"37","author":"F Jabeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal"},{"key":"ref15","author":"S Wippel","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1300\/J002v41n01_07","article-title":"The Omani family: strengths and challenges","volume":"41","author":"TA Al-Barwani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Marriage & Family Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.12.007","article-title":"Drugs and development: the global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development","volume":"19","author":"M Singer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Qaboos approves ammendments to Oman drug law: Amendment has harsher penalties for peddlers and smugglers, including the death penalty","volume":"7","author":"F. Al Mukrashi","journal-title":"Gulf New"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.120","article-title":"Acute drug overdose: clinical profile, etiologic spectrum and determinants of duration of intensive medical treatment","volume":"27","author":"B Jayakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Country Profile: OMAN ATLAS of Substance Use Disorders Resources for the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Accessed on September 8, 2016 from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/publications\/atlas_report\/profiles\/oman.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/publications\/atlas_report\/profiles\/oman.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"35","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of secondary-school pupils in Oman: I. health-compromising behaviors","volume":"12","author":"YA Jaffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Health-promoting schools initiative in Oman: a WHO case study in intersectoral action \/ World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Accessed on September 2, 2016 from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/120000\/1\/EMROPUB_2013_EN_1587.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/120000\/1\/EMROPUB_2013_EN_1587.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2027","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health care","volume":"158","author":"K Wells","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","first-page":"264","article-title":"Relatives&apos; advice and health care-seeking behaviour in oman","volume":"9","author":"A Al-Mandhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"ref25","author":"A. Kleinman","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Ibadism: Origins and Early Development in Oman","author":"JC Wilkinson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020743800021103","article-title":"Women working in Oman: Individual choice and cultural constraints","volume":"32","author":"D. Chatty","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Middle East Studies"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Al-Harthi A. Drug Abuse in the Gulf States\/Oman: An Evaluation of the Death Penalty as a Deterrent. Unpublished Thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 1999."},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Drug addicts encouraged to approach free-of-cost rehabilitation centers","author":"TZ Al Haremi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Times of Oman"},{"key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2017.1394850","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among caregivers of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder attending a tertiary care facility: a cross-sectional analytical study from Muscat, Oman","volume":"1","author":"N Al-Balushi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Child Development and Care"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"World Health Organization-Aims Report On Mental Health System in Oman. A report of the assessment of the mental health system in Oman using the World Health Organization\u2014Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) Muscat, Oman, 2008. Accessed on August 8, 2016 from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/who_aims_oman_report.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/who_aims_oman_report.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref33","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","first-page":"60","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practice relating to hazardous alcohol use across the continuum of care in a community healthcare centre","volume":"18","author":"V Kishore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.858","article-title":"Comparison of a quick drinking screen with the timeline follow back for individuals with alcohol problems","volume":"64","author":"LC Sobell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(94)00071-9","article-title":"Reliability of a drug history questionnaire (DHQ)","volume":"20","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addictive behaviors"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"WHO\/UNDCP Global Initiative on Primary Prevention of Substance Abuse &quot;Global Initiative\u201d. World Health Organization. Substance use in Southern Africa: knowledge, attitudes, practices and opportunities for intervention: summary of baseline assessments in South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. Accessed on September 25, 2028 from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42668\/9241590580.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42668\/9241590580.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","author":"RW Brislin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1107679","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of road traffic injuries among young drivers in Oman, 2009\u20132011","volume":"17","author":"H Al Reesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0062-5","article-title":"The pattern of substance use disorder in the United Arab Emirates in 2015: results of a National Rehabilitation Centre cohort study","volume":"11","author":"H Alblooshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"7549","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7549.1080","article-title":"The cost of dichotomising continuous variables","volume":"332","author":"DG Altman","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.566","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"64","author":"WM Compton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00282.x","article-title":"Gender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th and 12th grade students, 1976\u20132000","volume":"98","author":"JM Wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2017.1396516","article-title":"General Strain Theory, Depression, and Substance Use: Results From a Nationally Representative, Longitudinal Sample of White, African-American, and Hispanic Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"27","author":"JH Peck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Adoles Subst"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00224-7","article-title":"Prevalence and age of onset for drug use in seven international sites: results from the international consortium of psychiatric epidemiology","volume":"68","author":"WA Vega","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.123587","article-title":"Demographic and clinical profile of substance abusing women seeking treatment at a de-addiction center in north India","volume":"22","author":"N Nebhinani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report","author":"A Peacock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1344-9","article-title":"Correlates of alcohol consumption in rural western Kenya: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"17","author":"R Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors Influencing Transition to Shisheh (Methamphetamine) among Young People Who Use Drugs in Tehran: A Qualitative Study","volume":"29","author":"A Noroozi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"713","article-title":"International Encyclopedia of Adolescence: A Historical and Cultural Survey of Young People around the World (2 Volume Set)","author":"S. Al-Adawi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref51","author":"LD Johnston","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Initiation of drug dealing among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth","volume":"17","author":"K Hepburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-44","article-title":"Khat chewing and health related quality of life: cross-sectional study in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"KA Sheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.023","article-title":"Childhood predictors of first chance to use and use of cannabis by young adulthood","volume":"117","author":"CL Storr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/10884600600995374","article-title":"Effect of drug addiction on the biopsychosocial aspects of persons with addiction in Kuwait: Nursing implications","volume":"18","author":"FH Al-Kandari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Addict Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.26719\/1999.5.2.241","article-title":"Relapse among substance-abuse patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"N. Al-Nahedh","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.529","article-title":"Simultaneous and concurrent polydrug use of alcohol and prescription drugs: prevalence, correlates, and consequences","volume":"67","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2449","article-title":"Simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants, alcohol and other drugs: a multi-cohort national study of US adolescents.","volume":"30","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.08.002","article-title":"McCabe SE Prevalence and correlates of co-ingestion of prescription tranquilizers and other psychoactive substances by U.S. high school seniors: Results from a national survey","volume":"52","author":"TS Schepis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"75","article-title":"Personality characteristics of heroin addicted in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"S. Abdel-Baqui","year":"1992","journal-title":"Derasat Nafseyah"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v5.i11.397","article-title":"Intravenous drug abuse and tricuspid valve endocarditis: Growing trends in the Middle East Gulf region","volume":"5","author":"P Panduranga","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"127","article-title":"HIV antibodies among intravenous drug users in Bahrain","volume":"26","author":"MK al-Haddad","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(97)85722-4","article-title":"The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among drug-dependent patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.","volume":"14","author":"J Njoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2017. Pre-briefing to the Member States. Vienna, 16 June 2017. Accessed on August 2, 2018, 2018 from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/wdr2017\/field\/WDR_2017_presentation_lauch_version.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/wdr2017\/field\/WDR_2017_presentation_lauch_version.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4967.2011.00508.x","article-title":"The GCC&apos;s &quot;demographic imbalance&quot;: perceptions, realities and policy options","volume":"18","author":"IV Forstenlechner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0438-0","article-title":"Urban and rural adolescents\u2019 points-of-access for alcohol and tobacco","volume":"43","author":"RD Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2017.1378734","article-title":"Where do adolescent recent drinkers obtain and use alcohol?.","volume":"23","author":"RA Vidourek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"issue":"9791","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews","volume":"378","author":"PK Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9651","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"372","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref70","first-page":"235","article-title":"Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"EJ Aspinall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0156-z","article-title":"Needle exchange programs for the prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs: a systematic review with meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"SM Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"98","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates, pattern and comorbidity of drug abuse among psychiatric patients","volume":"2","author":"NA Qureshi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arab Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"57","article-title":"Some clinical and behavioral aspects of patients with alcohol dependence problems in Kuwait psychiatric hospital","volume":"20","author":"AM Bilal","year":"1985","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.17734","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with substance use disorder: it is higher than clinicians think it is","volume":"3","author":"N Gielen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.012","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among young injection drug users","volume":"124","author":"ME Mackesy-Amiti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13788","article-title":"Associations between substance use disorders and suicide or suicide attempts in people with mental illness: a Danish nation-wide, prospective, register-based study of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression or personality disorder","volume":"112","author":"MLD \u00d8stergaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12004","article-title":"Addiction as a self-regulation disorder and the role of self-medication.","volume":"108","author":"EJ Khantzian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2016.1146383","article-title":"Cognitive Function as a Transdiagnostic Treatment Target in Stimulant Use Disorders","volume":"12","author":"M Sofuoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.066","article-title":"Attempted suicide in people with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"G Carr\u00e0","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537613","article-title":"Suicidal ideation in adolescence: Depression, substance use, and other risk factors.","volume":"20","author":"DB Kandel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050928","article-title":"The challenges of predicting suicidal thoughts and behaviours in a sample of rural Australians with depression","volume":"15","author":"T Handley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1391011","article-title":"Depression and Substance Use: Towards the Development of an Emotion Regulation Model of Stigma Coping.","volume":"53","author":"K Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4038\/ijptsud.v1i1.4700","article-title":"Rapid analysis of knowledge, attitudes and practices towards substance addiction across different target groups in Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates.","volume":"1","author":"H Elarabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050286","article-title":"Al Ain community psychiatric survey. I. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates.","volume":"36","author":"MT Abou-Saleh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpsyc.2012.01.008","article-title":"Mental health services in the Arab world.","volume":"11","author":"A Okasha","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00323","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.323","article-title":"Self\u2010medication misuse in the Middle East: a systematic literature review","volume":"5","author":"MM Khalifeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0b013e3182213f0a","article-title":"Quality of Life and Personality Dimensions in Egyptian Substance Dependence Patients","volume":"11","author":"AM Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Disord Treat"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"86","article-title":"Long-term outcome of treated addiction in Saudi Arabia: Predictors of relapse in 10-year-follow-up","volume":"16","author":"SIA Rahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arab Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/2802330","article-title":"Shame and honour: A contestable pair.","author":"U Wikan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Man"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(96)00011-6","article-title":"Western psychotherapy in traditional Arabic societies.","volume":"16","author":"M Dwairy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.1.54","article-title":"Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies.","volume":"20","author":"CJ Mann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2331","article-title":"Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: a bad idea.","volume":"25","author":"P Royston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T05:47:40Z","timestamp":1662875260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210532"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Baggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210532","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]}}}