{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:20:34Z","timestamp":1785831634847,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T18:49:23Z","timestamp":1547578163000},"page":"e0210573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The association between HIV infection and pulmonary function in a rural African population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meri R. J.","family":"Varkila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-6223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alinda G.","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roos E.","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo A.","family":"Tempelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-1718","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Walter L. J.","family":"Devill\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel A.","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diederick E.","family":"Grobbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Klipstein-Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10100","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9903","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The End of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease","volume":"382","author":"SG Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.6.1977","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms among HIV-seropositive individuals","volume":"123","author":"PT Diaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.5.1326","article-title":"Increased COPD among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative veterans","volume":"130","author":"K Crothers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0836OC","article-title":"HIV infection and risk for incident pulmonary diseases in the combination antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"183","author":"K Crothers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.079111","article-title":"HIV associated pulmonary emphysema: a review of the literature and inquiry into its mechanism","volume":"63","author":"I Petrache","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2012.01124.x","article-title":"Changes in lung function of HIV-infected patients: a 4.5-year follow-up study","volume":"32","author":"US Kristoffersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200702","article-title":"Association between obstructive lung disease and markers of HIV infection in a high-risk cohort","volume":"67","author":"MB Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000750","article-title":"Factors associated with abnormal spirometry among HIV-infected individuals","volume":"29","author":"MB Drummond","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmec.2007.11.001","article-title":"HIV-related lung disorders","volume":"4","author":"HL Twigg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Dis Mech"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006328","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in HIV-infected subjects in the HAART era","volume":"4","author":"MP George","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"UNAIDS: The Gap Report. Geneva 2014. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/20140716_UNAIDS_gap_report\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/20140716_UNAIDS_gap_report<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref14","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317702039","article-title":"HIV and risk of cardiovascular disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: Rationale and design of the Ndlovu Cohort Study","volume":"24","author":"AG Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92593-1","article-title":"Medical Research Council Questionnaire on respiratory symptoms","volume":"2","author":"JE Cotes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Evidence and Information for Policy. World Health Survey 2002. B\u2013Individual Questionnaire, Rotation A. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/survey\/whslongindividuala.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/survey\/whslongindividuala.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology standardization project (American Thoracic Society)","volume":"118","author":"B. Ferris","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm162","article-title":"The MRC breathlessness scale","volume":"58","author":"C. Stenton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.01.016","article-title":"The effect of housing characteristics and occupant activities on the respiratory health of women and children in Lao PDR","volume":"409","author":"K Mengersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5152\/eajm.2014.0051","article-title":"Household cooking fuel use among residents of a sub-urban community in Nigeria: Implications for indoor air pollution","volume":"46","author":"AR Isara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70337-7","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and associated risk factors in Uganda (FRESH AIR Uganda): a prospective cross-sectional observational study","volume":"3","author":"F Van Gemert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"ATS\/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2016. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/goldcopd.org\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/goldcopd.org\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00193809","article-title":"Recommendations for epidemiological studies on COPD","volume":"38","author":"PS Bakke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312","article-title":"and the ERS Global Lung Function Initiative. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3\u201395 year age range: the global lung function 2012 equations","volume":"40","author":"PH Quanjer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","article-title":"Interpretative strategies for lung function tests","volume":"26","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020415","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.05.020415","article-title":"Global Health Epidemiology Reference Group (GHERG). Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"D Adeloye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30451-5","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the global population with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"JJ Bigna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0619","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"LJ Finney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000453","article-title":"HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"MO Akanbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J AIDS Clin Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.12.003","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV infected patients in an African country with low level of tobacco smoking","volume":"109","author":"EW Pefura-Yone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-0080-8","article-title":"HIV Infection, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, and COPD in Rural Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"196","author":"CM North","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169359","article-title":"COPD in HIV-Infected Patients: CD4 Cell Count Highly Correlated","volume":"12","author":"K Risso","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-211079","article-title":"Airflow limitation in people living with HIV and matched uninfected controls","volume":"73","author":"A Ronit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30319-8","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive individuals: a nested substudy within the multicentre, international, randomised, controlled Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) trial","volume":"4","author":"KM Kunisaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9858","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61814-5","article-title":"Coovadia HM; Lancet South Africa team. Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009","volume":"380","author":"BM Mayosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S201","DOI":"10.1086\/651492","article-title":"HIV infection-associated tuberculosis: the epidemiology and the response","volume":"50","author":"H Getahun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1086\/426827","article-title":"How soon after infection with HIV does the risk of tuberculosis start to increase? A retrospective cohort study in South African gold miners","volume":"191","author":"P Sonnenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1009","article-title":"The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic","volume":"163","author":"EL Corbett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02325-2014","article-title":"Tuberculosis associates with both airflow obstruction and low lung function: BOLD results","volume":"46","author":"AF Amaral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0273-8","article-title":"Childhood pneumonia increases risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPDGene study","volume":"16","author":"LP Hayden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2016.1191456","article-title":"Convergence in the Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of COPD and Pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"SS Gautam","year":"2016","journal-title":"COPD"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","first-page":"263","article-title":"Tuberculosis and its incidence, special nature, and relationship with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2","author":"B Chakrabarti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.03.012","article-title":"The aging respiratory system\u2014pulmonary structure, function and neural control","volume":"187","author":"PM Lalley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2005.05.004","article-title":"Aging of the respiratory system: impact on pulmonary function tests and adaptation to exertion","volume":"26","author":"JP Janssens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.3.277","article-title":"Lung function in healthy never smoking adults: reference values and lower limits of normal of a Swiss population","volume":"51","author":"O Br\u00e4ndli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1985.131.4.511","article-title":"Distribution of forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity in healthy, white, adult never-smokers in six U.S. cities","volume":"131","author":"DW Dockery","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.003","article-title":"Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: estimates from the demographic health surveys","volume":"66","author":"F. Pampel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053266","article-title":"Educational and wealth inequalities in tobacco use among men and women in 54 low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"27","author":"CT Sreeramareddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob Control"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T19:26:08Z","timestamp":1590002768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210573"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peggy S.","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210573","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]}}}