{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:29:04Z","timestamp":1790735344037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T14:07:05Z","timestamp":1551967625000},"page":"e0212846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Predicting one-year outcome in first episode psychosis using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-4204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel P.","family":"Leighton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-5894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajeev","family":"Krishnadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzy","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Sowerbutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schwannauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-938X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew I.","family":"Gumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"48","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s98","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.48.s98","article-title":"Improving 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis: OPUS trial.","volume":"48","author":"L Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry","volume":"67","author":"M Lambert","year":"2006"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796014000419","article-title":"Employment and educational outcomes in early intervention programmes for early psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"GR Bond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12125","article-title":"Predictors of vocational activity over the first year in inner-city early intervention in psychosis services","volume":"9","author":"A Tapfumaneyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948 [cited 2018 Jan 18]; Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/UDHR\/Documents\/UDHR_Translations\/eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/UDHR\/Documents\/UDHR_Translations\/eng.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054346","article-title":"A theory of human motivation","volume":"50","author":"AH Maslow","year":"1943","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09638239550037451","article-title":"Perspectives on schizophrenia: A survey of user, family carer and professional views regarding effective care","volume":"4","author":"G Shepherd","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Ment Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033303","article-title":"Patterns of usual care for schizophrenia: initial results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Client Survey","volume":"24","author":"AF Lehman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.30.2.48","article-title":"Employment status and occupational care planning for people using mental health services","volume":"30","author":"M Bertram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261003661825","article-title":"First episode psychosis and employment: A review","volume":"22","author":"M Rinaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2010.00200.x","article-title":"Meaningful lives: Supporting young people with psychosis in education, training and employment: an international consensus statement","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01918.x","article-title":"Exciting Career Opportunity Beckons! Early Intervention and Vocational Rehabilitation in First-Episode Psychosis: Employing Cautious Optimism","volume":"40","author":"EJ Killackey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.136283","article-title":"Vocational rehabilitation in early psychosis: cluster randomised trial","volume":"205","author":"T Craig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.201475","article-title":"Remission and recovery from first-episode psychosis in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcome studies","volume":"211","author":"J Lally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.9.975","article-title":"Association Between Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Outcome in Cohorts of First-Episode Patients","volume":"62","author":"M Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14005","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2014.5","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in early-onset psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"CM D\u00edaz-Caneja","year":"2015","journal-title":"npj Schizophr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796012000352","article-title":"Ethnicity, deprivation and psychosis: the Glasgow experience","volume":"21","author":"P Srireddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.127340","article-title":"Transition to schizophrenia in acute and transient psychotic disorders","volume":"204","author":"F Queirazza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001118","article-title":"Risk of transition to schizophrenia following first admission with substance-induced psychotic disorder: a population-based longitudinal cohort study","volume":"47","author":"HL Alderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4773","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4773","article-title":"Understanding the ecological fallacy","volume":"351","author":"P Sedgwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18421","article-title":"Machine Learning and the Profession of Medicine","volume":"315","author":"AM Darcy","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0316","article-title":"Prediction of Individual Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy via Machine Learning on Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data","volume":"73","author":"R Redlich","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Is there a symptomatic distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia? A machine learning approach","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Dysregulated Brain Dynamics in a Triple-Network Saliency Model of Schizophrenia and Its Relation to Psychosis","author":"K Supekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30171-7","article-title":"Multisite prediction of 4-week and 52-week treatment outcomes in patients with first-episode psychosis: a machine learning approach","volume":"3","author":"N Koutsouleris","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00016","article-title":"Assessing the generalizability of prognostic information","volume":"130","author":"AC Justice","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"29","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu207","article-title":"Towards better clinical prediction models: seven steps for development and an ABCD for validation","volume":"35","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.126722","article-title":"Insight, duration of untreated psychosis and attachment in first-episode psychosis: prospective study of psychiatric recovery over 12-month follow-up","volume":"205","author":"AI Gumley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref31","author":"AT Beck","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441","article-title":"Remission in Schizophrenia: Proposed Criteria and Rationale for Consensus","volume":"162","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Kuhn M. caret: Classification and Regression Training [Internet]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/topepo\/caret\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/github.com\/topepo\/caret\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"von Hippel P, Lynch J. Efficiency Gains from Using Auxiliary Variables in Imputation. 2013 Nov 20 [cited 2018 Jan 18]; Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1311.5249\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1311.5249<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","article-title":"An Overview and Evaluation of Recent Machine Learning Imputation Methods Using Cardiac Imaging Data","volume":"2","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","article-title":"Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent","volume":"33","author":"J Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001367","article-title":"Machine learning, statistical learning and the future of biological research in psychiatry","volume":"46","author":"R Iniesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","article-title":"Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net","volume":"67","author":"H Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Statistical Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","article-title":"pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the Areas under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Seshan VE. clinfun: Clinical Trial Design and Data Analysis Functions [Internet]. 2017. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=clinfun\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=clinfun<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01783H","article-title":"Assessment of the statistical significance of classifications in infrared spectroscopy based diagnostic models","volume":"140","author":"D P\u00e9rez-Guaita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.205","article-title":"Chemokines in depression in health and in inflammatory illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"SP Leighton","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7525","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/515009a","article-title":"Metascience could rescue the \u2018replication crisis","volume":"515","author":"JW Schooler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6251","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aac4716","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716","article-title":"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science","volume":"349","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr591","article-title":"Optimized application of penalized regression methods to diverse genomic data","volume":"27","author":"L Waldron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte I","author":"E Kraepelin","year":"1899","journal-title":"Leipzig: J. A. Barth"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.03.010","article-title":"Schizoaffective disorder\u2014an ongoing challenge for psychiatric nosology","volume":"26","author":"M J\u00e4ger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.08.017","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"142","author":"N Boonstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.03.018","article-title":"Lysaker. Metacognitive functioning predicts positive and negative symptoms over 12 months in first episode psychosis","volume":"54","author":"H Mcleod","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001380","article-title":"Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"S Leucht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Adults: Treatment and Management: Updated Edition 2014","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Social Skills Training and Related Interventions for Psychosis","author":"DT Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi017","article-title":"Predicting Recovery From Schizophrenia: A Retrospective Comparison of Characteristics at Onset of People With Single and Multiple Episodes","volume":"31","author":"K Rosen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5270","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5270","article-title":"Adolescents and young adults who are not in employment, education, or training","volume":"347","author":"J Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.280","article-title":"Macroeconomic Environment During Infancy as a Possible Risk Factor for Adolescent Behavioral Problems","volume":"70","author":"S Ramanathan","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.107953","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and illness severity in schizophrenia","volume":"201","author":"R Krishnadas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.105","article-title":"Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it?","volume":"17","author":"S Kapur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0212846","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T04:56:30Z","timestamp":1589000190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0212846"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Acampora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0212846","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/390096","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]}}}