{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:08:04Z","timestamp":1781269684802,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T17:25:35Z","timestamp":1553275535000},"page":"e0213689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Distribution of Brucella field strains isolated from livestock, wildlife populations, and humans in Italy from 2007 to 2015"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"De Massis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katiuscia","family":"Zilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8606-5291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guido","family":"Di Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Nuvoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Pelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Sacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"D\u2019Alterio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Di Giannatale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Euzeby JP. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature\u2014genus Brucella. (2010) <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bacterio.net\/brucella.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bacterio.net\/brucella.html<\/ext-link> (accessed 8 February 2016)."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65356-0","article-title":"Brucella microti sp. nov., isolated from the common vole Microtus arvalis","volume":"58","author":"HC Scholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evo Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65269-0","article-title":"<italic>Brucella ceti sp<\/italic>. <italic>nov<\/italic>. and <italic>Brucella pinnipedialis sp<\/italic>. <italic>nov<\/italic>. for <italic>Brucella<\/italic> strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts","volume":"57","author":"G Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.011148-0","article-title":"<italic>Brucella inopinata sp<\/italic>. <italic>nov<\/italic>., isolated from a breast implant infection","volume":"60","author":"HC Scholz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.065482-0","article-title":"Brucella papionis sp. nov., isolated from baboons (Papio spp.)","volume":"64","author":"AM Whatmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000998","article-title":"Brucella vulpis sp. nov., isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)","volume":"66","author":"HC Scholz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Animal Brucellosis","author":"JJ Latesson","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.6.4.313","article-title":"Epid\u00e9miologie des brucelloses animales en Afrique tropicale: enqu\u00eates clinique, s\u00e9rologique et bact\u00e9riologique","volume":"6","author":"AJ Akakpo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01204.x","article-title":"Correlation between animal and human brucellosis in Italy during the period 1997\u20132002","volume":"11","author":"F De Massis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","article-title":"The new global map of human brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"G Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"The role of livestock keeping in human brucellosis trends in livestock keeping communities in Tanzania. Short communication","volume":"12","author":"GM Shirima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tanz J Hlth Res"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Brucellosis in human and animals. WHO\/CDS\/EPR\/2006.7."},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"377","article-title":"Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology","author":"MJ Corbel","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00680-06","article-title":"Characterization of a <italic>Brucella<\/italic> spp. strain as a marine-mammal type despite isolation from a patient with spinal osteomyelitis in New Zealand","volume":"44","author":"WL McDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070829","article-title":"Marine mammal <italic>Brucella<\/italic> genotype associated with zoonotic infection","volume":"14","author":"AM Whatmore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070527","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of human brucellosis, Germany, 1962\u20132005","volume":"13","author":"S Al Dahouk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1496","article-title":"The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European Union in 2008","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"4634","article-title":"The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2015","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1428.015","article-title":"Human brucellosis in urban and periurban areas of Kampala, Uganda","volume":"1149","author":"K Makita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990525","article-title":"Human <italic>Brucella canis<\/italic> outbreak linked to infection in dogs","volume":"138","author":"NE Lucero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1607.090209","article-title":"Human <italic>Brucella canis<\/italic> infections diagnosed by blood culture","volume":"16","author":"A Nomura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"483","article-title":"Human exposure to <italic>Brucella<\/italic> recovered from a sea mammal","volume":"144","author":"SD Brew","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0904.020576","article-title":"Human neurobrucellosis with intracerebral granuloma caused by a marine mammal <italic>Brucella<\/italic> spp","volume":"9","author":"AH Sohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"European Union, 2009. Council Regulation (EC) N. 1099\/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing. Off J L 303\/1, 18.11.2009."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"15","article-title":"WHO\/EMC\/97.3","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"IATA\u2014Infectious Substances Shipping Guidelines\u20141 January 2006- 7th Edition p 1 41 World Health Organization (WHO\/HSE\/GHR\/2012.12)\u2013"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances\u20142015\u20132016."},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Techniques for the Brucellosis Laboratory","author":"GG Alton","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.11.2660-2666.1994","article-title":"Differentiation of Brucella abortus biovar 1, 2 and 4, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis and Brucella suis biovar 1 by PCR","volume":"32","author":"BJ Bricker","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.6.1640-1642.1995","article-title":"Enhancement of the <italic>Brucella<\/italic> AMOS PCR assay for the differentiation of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> vaccine strains S19 and RB51","volume":"33","author":"BJ Bricker","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-9-2111","article-title":"Restriction site polymorphism of the genes encoding the major 25 kDa and 36 kDa outer membrane proteins of <italic>Brucella<\/italic>","volume":"141","author":"A Cloeckaert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-9-2913","article-title":"DNA polymorphism at the omp-31 locus of Brucella spp.: evidence for a large deletion in Brucella abortus, and other species-specific markers","volume":"143","author":"N Vizca\u00ecno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"157","article-title":"Malattie Infettive Degli Animali","author":"R Farina","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"335","article-title":"Animal Brucellosis","author":"K Nielsen","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.06.021","article-title":"Investigating genetic diversity of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> and <italic>Brucella melitensis<\/italic> in Italy with MLVA-16","volume":"19","author":"G Garofolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02049","article-title":"Extended Multilocus Sequence Analysis to Describe the Global Population Structure of the Genus Brucella: Phylogeography and Relationship to Biovars","volume":"7","author":"AM Whatmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01545","article-title":"Genotypic Expansion Within the Population Structure of Classical Brucella Species Revealed by MLVA16 Typing of 1404 Brucella Isolates From Different Animal and Geographic Origins, 1974\u20132006","volume":"9","author":"G Vergnaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00517-18","article-title":"Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in the Epidemiology of Brucella melitensis Infections","volume":"56","author":"A Janowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.06.021","article-title":"Investigating genetic diversity of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in Italy with MLVA-16","volume":"19","author":"G Garofolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Garofolo G, De Massis F, Ancora M, Camm\u00e0 C, Sacchini L, Marotta F, et al. 2017. The population structure of brucella ovis: insights from italian genomes. Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium Of The World Association Of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (WALVD) June 7th\u2013 10th Sorrento, Italy. 41."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Garofolo G, Munoz PM, Blasco JM, Jay M, Mick V, Adone R, et al. 2017. Origins and spread of brucellosis in wildlife and domestic animals in Europe. Networking: tool for an excellent Research. Atti del IV Convegno Nazionale sulla Ricerca in Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica Veterinaria Roma, 6 aprile 2017. Veterinaria Italiana, Collana di Monografie, Monografia n. 26, P78. ISSN 0505-401x."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Ancora M, De Santis R, Anselmo A, Orsini M, De Massis F, Fillo S, et al. 2016. Genotyping of Brucella species by SNPs analysis. Medical Biodefense Conference 2016, Munchen, Germany 26\u201329 April 2016."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2074-7","article-title":"2016 Cases of human brucellosis in Sweden linked to Middle East and Africa","volume":"9","author":"G Garofolo","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01402","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01402-15","article-title":"Genome Sequences of 11 Brucella abortus Isolates from Persistently Infected Italian Regions","volume":"3","author":"G Garofolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome announcements"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"383","article-title":"Typing of Brucella field strains isolated from livestock population in Italy between 2001 and 2006","volume":"44","author":"E Di Giannatale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"270","article-title":"<italic>Brucella melitensis<\/italic>","author":"JM Verger","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970219","article-title":"Brucellosis: an overview","volume":"3","author":"MJ Corbel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of natural acquired of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> infection in sheep","volume":"40","author":"DW Luchsinger","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scientific opinion of the panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the commission on porcine brucellosis (Brucella suis)","volume":"1144","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-46","article-title":"Spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in Iberian wild ungulates","volume":"10","author":"M Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"397","article-title":"Isolation of Brucella suis biovar 2 from a wild boar in the Abruzzo Region of Italy","volume":"48","author":"F De Massis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"151","article-title":"First report of Brucella suis biovar 2 in a semi-rage pig farm, Italy","volume":"51","author":"G Barlozzari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32315-4","article-title":"Experimental <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> infection in the horse: observations during the 3 months following inoculation","volume":"33","author":"AP Macmillan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1973.tb03208.x","article-title":"A review of brucellosis in the horse","volume":"5","author":"HR Denny","year":"1973","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.90.4.86","article-title":"Brucellosis in the horse","volume":"90","author":"HR Denny","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.117.24.638","article-title":"A retrospective study of the serology of brucellosis in horses","volume":"117","author":"AP Macmillan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.88.13.321","article-title":"<italic>Brucella<\/italic>-associated vertebral osteomyelitis in a thoroughbred mare","volume":"88","author":"JD Collins","year":"1971","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.80.5.186","article-title":"Abortion due to brucellosis in a thoroughbred mare","volume":"80","author":"WJ McCaughey","year":"1967","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"132","article-title":"Animal Brucellosis","author":"RP Crawford","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00003","article-title":"<italic>Brucella ceti<\/italic> and brucellosis in cetaceans","volume":"2","author":"C Guzm\u00e1n-Verri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:01:59Z","timestamp":1606953719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213689"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Axel","family":"Cloeckaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213689","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]}}}