{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:42:05Z","timestamp":1774068125568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1555954223000},"page":"e0214650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Temporal, spatial and household dynamics of Typhoid fever in Kasese district, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-3729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernadette Basuta","family":"Mirembe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Mazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Callaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2944-9157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke","family":"Nyakarahuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clovice","family":"Kankya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Muwonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1086\/649541","article-title":"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"50","author":"JA Crump","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"V Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1266","article-title":"The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitionners and students of medicine","author":"O William","year":"1906"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections","volume":"28","author":"JA Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-1-27","article-title":"Health challenges in Africa and the way forward","volume":"1","author":"J Kirigia","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Archives of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0014-y","article-title":"Analytical studies assessing the association between extreme precipitation or temperature and drinking water-related waterborne infections: a review","volume":"14","author":"BRG Herrador","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007598","article-title":"Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960\u201399","volume":"130","author":"SJ Olsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref8.1","unstructured":"1. Typhoid fever-Uganda [Internet]. 2015. Disease Breaking News"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref8.2","unstructured":"2. March 2015. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/17-march-2015-uganda\/en\/<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-4002-0","article-title":"A large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January\u2013June 2015","volume":"17","author":"SN Kabwama","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin [Internet]. The Epidemiological Surveillance Division. 2017. Available from: (http:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/publications\/service-delivery\/diseases-control-prevention\/ministry-health-weekly-epidemiological-120<\/ext-link>)."},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"A large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in Kasese District, Uganda, 2008\u20132009","author":"KP Neil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002726","article-title":"Shifts in Geographic Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance during a Prolonged Typhoid Fever Outbreak\u2014Bundibugyo and Kasese Districts, Uganda, 2009\u20132011","volume":"8","author":"MS Walters","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.02.027","article-title":"Economic evaluation of typhoid vaccination in a prolonged typhoid outbreak setting: the case of Kasese district in Uganda","volume":"33","author":"C Carias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"National Population and Housing Census 2014 Area Specific Profiles","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Social and Environmental Assessment","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"National Population and Housing Census 2014","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.087627","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of typhoid fever rapid antibody tests for laboratory diagnosis at two sub-Saharan African sites","volume":"89","author":"KH Keddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of the Reliability of World Weather Online Forecasts for Kadoma Community","volume":"6","author":"D Terence","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00734.x","article-title":"Poor food hygiene and housing as risk factors for typhoid fever in Semarang, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"MH Gasem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manual of food quality control. 4. Rev. 1. Microbiological analysis. Food and Drug Administration","volume":"14","author":"W Andrews","year":"1992","journal-title":"FAO food and nutrition paper"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"128","article-title":"Package \u2018survival\u2019","author":"TM Therneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"R Top Doc"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti623","article-title":"ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R","volume":"21","author":"T Sing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"141","article-title":"Acute and Critical Care Formulas and Laboratory Values","author":"J Varon","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Cheng J, Karambelkar B, Xie Y, Wickham H, Russell K, Johnson K. Leaflet: create interactive web maps with the JavaScript \u201cLeaflet\u201d Library [Internet]. 2017. 2018."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap contributors. Esri. HERE. Garmin. Intermap. INCREMENT P. GEBCO. USGS. FAO. NPS. NRCAN. GeoBase. IGN KNOSEJME, cartographer. The City of Edinburgh Council Mapping Portal: The City of Edinburgh Council; 2018."},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"488","article-title":"GIS Data Ineroperability in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"M Moses","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"forecast: Forecasting functions for time series and linear models","author":"RJ Hyndman","year":"2018","journal-title":"forecast: Forecasting functions for time series and linear models"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Automatic time series for forecasting: the forecast package for R","author":"RJ Hyndman","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-14-40","article-title":"Strengthening district-based health reporting through the district health management information software system: the Ugandan experience","volume":"14","author":"VM Kiberu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC medical informatics and decision making"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref30","article-title":"Implementation Challenges Of Health Management Information Systems In Uganda: A Review","volume":"4","author":"C Umezuruike","year":"2017","journal-title":"development"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-009","article-title":"imputeTS: time series missing value imputation in R","volume":"9","author":"S Moritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Asiimwe W. Kasese hit by fresh River Nyamwamba floods. New Vision. 2015."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Juma B. Uganda-at least 1,000 displaced after floods in Kasese and Kampala. Climate News [Internet]. 2016 14th September 2017. Available from: http:\/\/floodlist.com\/africa\/uganda-1000-displaced-floods-kasese-kampala<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"CAO. Kasese District News [Internet]. E-Society, editor2014. [cited 2017]. Available from: http:\/\/kasesenews.blogspot.ug\/2014\/08\/status-on-kasese-floods-8th-may-2014.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"IFRC. Uganda: Kasese floods. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2014 30th May 2014. Report No."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref36.1","unstructured":"10. UN. World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: United Nations, Affairs DoEaS"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref36.2","unstructured":"11. 2015 29th July 2015. Report No."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"WHO. Typhoid. World Health Organisation, 2015."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antill\u00f3n M, Warren JL, Crawford FW, Weinberger DM, K\u00fcr\u00fcm E, Pak GD, et al. The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;11(2):e0005376. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Typhoid fever in Uganda [Internet]. Graphiq. 2017 [cited 14th July 2017]. Available from: http:\/\/global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com\/l\/3742\/Typhoid-Fever-in-Uganda<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-624","article-title":"Descending the sanitation ladder in urban Uganda: evidence from Kampala Slums","volume":"14","author":"J Kwiringira","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029119","article-title":"Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa","volume":"7","author":"RF Breiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ693","article-title":"The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP): clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological methodologies","volume":"62","author":"V Von Kalckreuth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Determinants of health seeking behaviour in Uganda: is it just income and user fees that are important?","author":"D Lawson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Health Sector: Gender Statistics Profile","year":"2012"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ976","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for typhoid fever control: a call for coordinated action","volume":"62","author":"AD Steele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004212","article-title":"Environmental transmission of typhoid fever in an urban slum","volume":"9","author":"A Akullian","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001998","article-title":"Typhoid Fever and Its Association with Environmental Factors in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh: A Spatial and Time-Series Approach","volume":"7","author":"AM Dewan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"MWE. Kasese district. Uganda: Ministry of Water and Environment, 2017 13th September 2017. Report No."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","first-page":"14","article-title":"The quality of water from protected springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes, Kampala city, Uganda","volume":"5","author":"R Haruna","year":"2005","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2004.09.001","article-title":"Pollution of protected springs in relation to high and low density settlements in Kampala\u2014Uganda","volume":"29","author":"FB Nsubuga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Sanitation and Hygiene Practices among Typhoid Fever Cases in Neno, Malawi","author":"C. Kachimanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sanitation and Hygiene Practices among Typhoid Fever Cases in Neno, Malawi"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Sarah D. Bennett, S. Lowther, F. Chingoli, T. Warne, L. Capewell, E. Taylor, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions in Response to an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in NenoDistrict, Malawi: TEPHINET; 2010 [cited 2017 14th September 2017]. Available from: http:\/\/library.tephinet.org\/abstract\/assessment-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-response-outbreak-typhoid-fever-nenod<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1021\/es7024802","article-title":"Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam","volume":"42","author":"TF Clasen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2009.094","article-title":"Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad","volume":"7","author":"J Eshcol","year":"2009","journal-title":"India. Journal of water and health"},{"issue":"7597","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39118.489931.BE","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"334","author":"T Clasen","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11296","article-title":"Following the water: a controlled study of drinking water storage in northern coastal Ecuador","volume":"116","author":"K Levy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v28i1.4521","article-title":"Quality of drinking-water at source and point-of-consumption\u2014drinking cup as a high potential recontamination risk: a field study in Bolivia","volume":"28","author":"S Rufener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of health, population, and nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.255","article-title":"Microbiologic effectiveness of boiling and safe water storage in South Sulawesi, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"SV Sodha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of water and health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036735","article-title":"High Adherence Is Necessary to Realize Health Gains from Water Quality Interventions","volume":"7","author":"J Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0033-9","article-title":"Household water treatment and safe storage to prevent diarrheal disease in developing countries","volume":"2","author":"T Clasen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current environmental health reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0563","article-title":"Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia","volume":"94","author":"G Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05928-3","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 2005 to 2015","volume":"7","author":"H Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"359","article-title":"Medical Informatics","author":"D Zeng","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063116","article-title":"Comparative Study of Four Time Series Methods in Forecasting Typhoid Fever Incidence in China","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T20:48:01Z","timestamp":1588970881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214650"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Agricola","family":"Odoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214650","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]}}}