{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:53:44Z","timestamp":1773287624827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T17:43:54Z","timestamp":1554399834000},"page":"e0214726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Phylogeography of Borrelia spirochetes in Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes spinipalpis ticks highlights differential acarological risk of tick-borne disease transmission in northern versus southern California"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa Hardstone","family":"Yoshimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise L.","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Fedorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-3401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kerry A.","family":"Padgett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.022","article-title":"Population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato","volume":"11","author":"G Margos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002214","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia lanei<\/italic> sp. nov. extends the diversity of <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> species in California","volume":"67","author":"G Margos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01032-08","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/italic> in cardiac value tissue of a patient with endocarditis and aortic value stenosis in the Czech Republic","volume":"46","author":"N Rudenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00464-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel pathogenic <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study","volume":"16","author":"BS Pritt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.015","article-title":"Remarkable diversity of tick or mammalian-associated Borreliae in the metropolitan San Francisco Bay Area, California","volume":"5","author":"N Fedorova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000897","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia bissettiae<\/italic> sp. Nov. and <italic>Borrelia californiensis<\/italic> sp. nov. prevail in diverse enzootic transmission cycles","volume":"66","author":"G Margos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002","article-title":"Updates on <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato complex with respect to public health","volume":"2","author":"N Rudenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01498.x","article-title":"Molecular detection of <italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/italic> DNA in serum samples from patients in the Czech Republic with suspected borreliosis","volume":"292","author":"N Rudenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw417","article-title":"Borrelial lymphocytoma in adult patients","volume":"63","author":"V Maraspin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1353-4","article-title":"A divergent spirochete strain isolated from a resident of the southeastern United States was identified by multilocus sequence typing as <italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/italic>","volume":"9","author":"M Golovchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01689-10","article-title":"Genetic diversity of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> and detection of <italic>B<\/italic>. <italic>bissettii<\/italic>-like DNA in serum of north-coastal California residents","volume":"49","author":"YA Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110853","article-title":"Large scale spatial risk and comparative prevalence of <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> and <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato in <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> 2014","volume":"9","author":"KA Padgett","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.3.566-572.1990","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> infection in <italic>Ixodes dammini<\/italic> ticks with the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"28","author":"DH Persing","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.07.002","article-title":"Novel exposure sites for nymphal <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> within picnic areas","volume":"2","author":"KA Padgett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0208","article-title":"Niche partitioning of <italic>Borrelia burdorferi<\/italic> and <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species","volume":"81","author":"AG Barbour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.22.6635-6639.1996","article-title":"The nucleotide sequence of a linear plasmid of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> reveals similarities to those of circular plasmids of other prokaryotes","volume":"178","author":"AG Barbour","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.11.2830-2834.1992","article-title":"Development of polymerase chain reaction primer sets for diagnosis of Lyme disease and for species-specific identification of Lyme disease isolates by 16S rRNA signature nucleotide analysis","volume":"30","author":"RT Marconi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"Web Server issue","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W465","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn180","article-title":"Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist","volume":"36","author":"A Dereeper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334","article-title":"Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"17","author":"J Castresana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn575","article-title":"TOPALi v2: a rich graphical interface for evolutionary analyses of multiple alignments on HPC clusters and multi-core desktops","volume":"25","author":"I Milne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754","article-title":"MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees","volume":"17","author":"JP Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180","article-title":"MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models","volume":"19","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg427","article-title":"Parallel Metropolis coupled Markov chair Monte Carlo for Bayesian phylogenetic inference","volume":"20","author":"G Altekar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.2307\/3285817","article-title":"Variation in the density of questing <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari:Ixodidae) nymphs infected with <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> at different spatial scales in California","volume":"85","author":"L T\u00e4lleklint-Eisen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"342","article-title":"Host-seeking behavior of <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in relation to environmental parameters in dense-woodland and woodland-grass habitats","volume":"32","author":"RS Lane","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vec Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10131","article-title":"Influence of abiotic and environmental factors on the density and infection prevalence of <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) with <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"48","author":"A Swei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1240-1244.1998","article-title":"Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> and increasing incidence of Lyme disease","volume":"36","author":"KC Stafford","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13140","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> and <italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/italic> in <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> (Acrari: Ixodidae) nymphs collected in managed red pine forests in Wisconsin","volume":"51","author":"X Lee","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.02.005","article-title":"Eco-epidemiological factors contributing to the low risk of human exposure to ixodid tick-borne borreliae in southern California, USA","volume":"4","author":"RS Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1938-y","article-title":"Lyme disease risk in southern California: abiotic and environmental drivers of <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) density and infection prevalence with <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"10","author":"AJ MacDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.3.417","article-title":"Vector competence of <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> and <italic>Dermacentor occidentalis<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) for various isolates of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"31","author":"RS Lane","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"<italic>The ticks of California (Acari<\/italic>: <italic>Ixodida)<\/italic>","author":"DP Furman","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3497-3504.1998","article-title":"Expanded diversity among Californian <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> isolates and description of <italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/italic> sp. nov. (formerly <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> group DN127)","volume":"36","author":"D Postic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116448","article-title":"Risk factors for Lyme disease in a small rural community in northern California","volume":"13611","author":"RS Lane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.12.2296-2301.1987","article-title":"Chracterization of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> strains isolated from <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> ticks in California","volume":"25","author":"ML Bissett","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.4.743","article-title":"Sylvatic maintenance of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> (Spirochetales) in northern California; untangling the web of transmission","volume":"43","author":"RN Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.3103-3105.2000","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic> isolates in Northern Colorado identified as <italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/italic>","volume":"38","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1434553100","article-title":"An enzootic transmission cycle of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the southeastern United States","volume":"100","author":"JH Oliver Jr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1102","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato infecting ticks of the <italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/italic> complex in Uruguay: first report for the Southern Hemisphere","volume":"13","author":"AM Barbieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00036","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic> diversity and co-infection with other tick borne pathogens in ticks","volume":"7","author":"C Raileanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.736","article-title":"Detection and characterization of <italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/italic> in rodents from the central California coast","volume":"41","author":"LK Vredevoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Spatial clustering of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato within populations of Allen\u2019s chipmunks and dusky-footed woodrats in northwestern California","author":"GM Hacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118146","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato spirochetes in wild birds in northwestern California: associations with ecological factors, bird behavior and tick infestation","volume":"10","author":"EA Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01050-09","article-title":"Delineation of a new species of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorfer<\/italic>i Sensu Lato Complex, <italic>Borrelia americana<\/italic> sp. nov","volume":"47","author":"N Rudenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.02.027","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological surveillance to assess emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne infections in tick samples from China evaluated by nested PCRs","volume":"158","author":"PF Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.073122-0","article-title":"Geographical and genospecies distribution of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato DNA detected in humans in the USA","volume":"63","author":"KL Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"455","article-title":"Isolation of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> from ticks in southern California","volume":"157","author":"MH Meyers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Western J Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.12.3096-3108.1993","article-title":"Distribution and molecular analysis of Lyme disease spirochetes, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>, isolated from ticks throughout California","volume":"31","author":"TG Schwan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.006","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> infection in nature and in humans","volume":"21","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Inf"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191725","article-title":"Human <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> infection in California: serodiagnosis is complicated by multiple endemic <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> species","volume":"13","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.152046","article-title":"Unique strain of <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> in <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> ticks, California, USA","volume":"22","author":"VJ Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-202","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato prevalence in tick populations in Estonia","volume":"9","author":"J Geller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-183","article-title":"The prevalence <italic>of Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> infection, and co-infections with other <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> spp. in <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> ticks collected in Canada","volume":"15","author":"A Dibernardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx258","article-title":"Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> in host-seeking <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in Mendocino County, California","volume":"553","author":"GE Lynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med Entomol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref55","first-page":"2356","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> infections in small mammals, California, USA","volume":"24","author":"D Salkeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"EID"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/153036601750137624","article-title":"A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> ticks","volume":"1","author":"GA Scoles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoon Dis"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. Vector-Borne Disease Section Annual Report, 2017. Kjemtrup, A. and Kramer, V. editors. Sacramento, California, 2018. pp 1\u201332. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/Pages\/VBDSAnnualReports.aspx\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/Pages\/VBDSAnnualReports.aspx<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"The eco-epidemiology of Pacific Coast Tick Fever in California","author":"KA Padgett","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neg Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T14:35:57Z","timestamp":1607178957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214726"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]}}}