{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:43:49Z","timestamp":1788799429584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25461178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25461178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K09941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K09941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K09942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K09942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T13:45:42Z","timestamp":1556199942000},"page":"e0216034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Retrospective evaluation of natural course in mild cases of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-7506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Kimizuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyasu","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Asami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kozo","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6181-4284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ho","family":"Namkoong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Funatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihide","family":"Fujie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naohiko","family":"Inase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuyuki","family":"Kurashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Betsuyaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteriosis-Japan Research Consortium (NTM-JRC)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090196","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria-associated lung disease in hospitalized persons, United States, 1998\u20132005","volume":"15","author":"ME Billinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0310OC","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease prevalence at four integrated health care delivery systems","volume":"182","author":"DR Prevots","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2016OC","article-title":"Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"185","author":"J Adjemian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201303-067OC","article-title":"A steady increase in nontuberculous mycobacteriosis mortality and estimated prevalence in Japan","volume":"11","author":"K Morimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of the American Thoracic Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0089","article-title":"Aging, COPD, and other risk factors do not explain the increased prevalence of pulmonary <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex in Ontario","volume":"141","author":"M Al-Houqani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1086\/318136","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in northern Australia: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"DP O'Brien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1610.091201","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections","volume":"16","author":"RM Thomson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.151086","article-title":"Epidemiology of Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease, Japan","volume":"22","author":"H Namkoong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.09.014","article-title":"lung disease: the top ten essentials","volume":"108","author":"TR Aksamit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiratory medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"175","author":"DE Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.4.9712098","article-title":"Polyclonal <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis","volume":"158","author":"RJ Wallace Jr.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90045-4","article-title":"Virulence of <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex strains from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients: relationship with characteristics of the parasite and host","volume":"7","author":"PR Gangadharam","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microbial pathogenesis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.4.858","article-title":"Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria IX. Evidence for two DNA homology groups among small plasmids in <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic>, <italic>Mycobacterium intracellulare<\/italic>, and <italic>Mycobacterium scrofulaceum<\/italic>","volume":"142","author":"MT Jucker","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American review of respiratory disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117797","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117797","article-title":"Characterization of a novel plasmid, pMAH135, from <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> subsp. <italic>hominissuis<\/italic>","volume":"10","author":"K Uchiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2567","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex pulmonary disease","volume":"136","author":"N Hasegawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1086\/600888","article-title":"Serodiagnostic contributions of antibody titers against mycobacterial lipid antigens in <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex pulmonary disease","volume":"49","author":"T Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","first-page":"23","article-title":"Disease Progression of <italic>Mycobacterium Avium<\/italic> Pulmonary Infection and The Mycobacterial Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Typing","volume":"88","author":"T. Kikuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02373-08","article-title":"Comparison of a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) method for typing <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-VNTR and IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism typing","volume":"47","author":"T Inagaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","first-page":"491","article-title":"Identification of Novel Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Loci in <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> and Development of an Effective Means of VNTR Typing","volume":"87","author":"K Kurokawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030684-0","article-title":"Molecular typing of <italic>Mycobacterium intracellulare<\/italic> using multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeat analysis: identification of loci and analysis of clinical isolates","volume":"156","author":"K Ichikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref21","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Beijing family <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/italic> isolated from throughout Japan: phylogeny and genetic features","volume":"14","author":"S Maeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","first-page":"127","article-title":"A method for visual scoring of pulmonary <italic>mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex disease: \u201cNice scoring system","volume":"3","author":"A Kurashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mycobac Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1203OC","article-title":"Prognostic factors of 634 HIV-negative patients with <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex lung disease","volume":"185","author":"M Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201303-062OC","article-title":"Nodular bronchiectatic <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex pulmonary disease. Natural course on serial computed tomographic scans","volume":"10","author":"G Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of the American Thoracic Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0534","article-title":"Long-term radiographic outcome of nodular bronchiectatic <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex pulmonary disease","volume":"16","author":"S Kitada","year":"2012","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9897","article-title":"Serial CT findings of nodular bronchiectatic <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex pulmonary disease with antibiotic treatment","volume":"201","author":"G Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","first-page":"1070","article-title":"High-resolution CT findings of <italic>Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare<\/italic> complex pulmonary disease: correlation with pulmonary function test results","volume":"191","author":"JW Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201309-297OC","article-title":"Association between polyclonal and mixed mycobacterial <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> complex infection and environmental exposure","volume":"11","author":"K Fujita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref29","first-page":"687","article-title":"Multicenter study on clinical features and genetic characteristics of <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> strains from patients in Japan with lung disease caused by <italic>M<\/italic>. <italic>avium<\/italic>","volume":"87","author":"T Nakagawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.008623-0","article-title":"Characterization of <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> clinical isolates in Japan using subspecies-specific insertion sequences, and identification of a new insertion sequence, IS<italic>Mav6<\/italic>","volume":"58","author":"K Ichikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148917","article-title":"Association of IS<italic>Mav6<\/italic> with the Pattern of Antibiotic Resistance in Korean <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> Clinical Isolates but No Relevance between Their Genotypes and Clinical Features","volume":"11","author":"SY Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030684-0","article-title":"Molecular typing of <italic>Mycobacterium intracellulare<\/italic> using multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeat analysis: identification of loci and analysis of clinical isolates","volume":"156","author":"K Ichikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref33","first-page":"461","article-title":"A study of genetic characteristics of <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> strains from patients with pulmonary <italic>M<\/italic>. <italic>avium<\/italic> disease in Japan and Korea","volume":"87","author":"M Niimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0147","article-title":"Clinical significance of mycobacterial genotyping in <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> lung disease in Korea","volume":"16","author":"SY Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T12:00:32Z","timestamp":1589025632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216034"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216034","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.735614605.793565550","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]}}}