{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:19:35Z","timestamp":1783610375600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["107-2511-H-010-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2511-H-010-001-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["103-2410-H-002-114-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103-2410-H-002-114-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["107-2410-H-001-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2410-H-001-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T13:48:28Z","timestamp":1559310508000},"page":"e0217777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Loneliness in young adulthood: Its intersecting forms and its association with psychological well-being and family characteristics in Northern Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-918X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chi","family":"Chiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-148X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10119","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30142-9","article-title":"The growing problem of loneliness","volume":"391","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30436-X","article-title":"Advancing our understanding of loneliness and mental health problems in young people","volume":"5","author":"A Pitman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181442","article-title":"Loneliness is adversely associated with physical and mental health and lifestyle factors: results from a Swiss national survey","volume":"12","author":"A Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67978","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067978","article-title":"Loneliness: its correlates and association with health behaviours and outcomes in nine countries of the former Soviet Union","volume":"8","author":"A Stickley","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.1990.tb02521.x","article-title":"Loneliness: a review of current literature, with Implications for counseling and research","volume":"68","author":"Mc Whirter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140","article-title":"Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"21","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"31","article-title":"Personal Relationships in Disorder","author":"D Perlman","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"A systematic review of loneliness and smoking: small effects, big implications","author":"SR Dyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1736-5","article-title":"Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.330","article-title":"Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring","volume":"128","author":"RL Repetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.555737","article-title":"Adolescent premarital sex and health outcomes among Taiwanese youth: perception of best friends' sexual behavior and the contextual effect","volume":"23","author":"C Chiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027506289723","article-title":"A six-item scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness: confirmative tests on new survey data","volume":"28","author":"J De Jong Gierveld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-010-0144-6","article-title":"The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys","volume":"7","author":"J De Jong-Gierveld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation","author":"RS Weiss","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2012.27.7","article-title":"Living arrangements, intergenerational support types and older adult loneliness in Eastern and Western Europe","volume":"27","author":"J De Jong Gierveld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Demogr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610208007552","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese translation of the 6-item De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale in elderly Chinese","volume":"20","author":"GTY Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual for the R(evised) version","author":"LR Derogatis","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090114025","article-title":"Misuse of the Symptom Checklist 90","volume":"40","author":"LR Derogatis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2014.987147","article-title":"The influence of early sexual debut and pubertal timing on psychological distress among Taiwanese adolescents","volume":"20","author":"C Chiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0268580909102914","article-title":"The psychological well-being of Taiwanese youth: school versus family context from early to late adolescence","volume":"24","author":"CC Yi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Sociol"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Conceiving the Self. Reprint Edition","author":"M. Rosenberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00056.x","article-title":"Adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications","volume":"3","author":"PM Lewinsohn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.31.3.282.24245","article-title":"An investigation of psychopathology in nonreferred suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents","volume":"31","author":"VJ Mazza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.04.008","article-title":"The prospective relationship between sleep problems and suicidal behavior in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health","volume":"46","author":"MM Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.006","article-title":"Adolescent internet use and its relationship to cigarette smoking and alcohol use: a prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"C Chiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9656-4","article-title":"It's a two-way street: the bidirectional relationship between parenting and delinquency","volume":"41","author":"M. Gault-Sherman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"The Psychological Well-being of East Asian Youth","author":"C Chiao","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"89","article-title":"Applied Latent Class Analysis","author":"JK Vermunt","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 15","author":"Stata Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-366","article-title":"Loneliness and health risk behaviours among Russian and U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"A Stickley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2011.613875","article-title":"The prevalence of loneliness among adults: a case study of the United Kingdom","volume":"146","author":"CR Victor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168500900307","article-title":"The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale","volume":"9","author":"J De Jong Gierveld","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4203_11","article-title":"Developing a measure of loneliness","volume":"42","author":"D Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145264","article-title":"Loneliness, social networks, and health: a cross-sectional study in three countries","volume":"11","author":"LA Rico-Uribe","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e248","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30090-7","article-title":"Unravelling the associations between social isolation, loneliness, and mortality","volume":"2","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T20:45:56Z","timestamp":1588970756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217777"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Geilson Lima","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217777","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}}}