{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:32:56Z","timestamp":1785357176346,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T17:35:42Z","timestamp":1561484142000},"page":"e0218588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Impact of the adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health strategy on service utilisation and health outcomes in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3504-4559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lazarus","family":"Muchabaiwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josue","family":"Mbonigaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO. Youth and Health Risks: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2019 16 May]. 1\u20134]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/hac\/events\/wha_a64_r28_en_youth_and_health_risks.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/hac\/events\/wha_a64_r28_en_youth_and_health_risks.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-54","article-title":"Promoting sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in southern and eastern Africa (PREPARE): project design and conceptual framework","volume":"14","author":"LE Aar\u00f8","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"POPIN, UNFPA. Report of the International Conference on Population and Development Geneva: United Nations Population Information Network, UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population Fund; 1994 [cited 2018 June 13]. 1\u2013263]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/events\/pdf\/expert\/27\/SupportingDocuments\/A_CONF.171_13_Rev.1.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/events\/pdf\/expert\/27\/SupportingDocuments\/A_CONF.171_13_Rev.1.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"9783","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60512-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease in young people aged 10\u201324 years: a systematic analysis","volume":"377","author":"FM Gore","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.06.016","article-title":"Young People&apos;s Sexual and Reproductive Health Interventions in Developing Countries: Making the Investments Count","volume":"59","author":"AO Fatusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4729-2","article-title":"Systematic review: a review of adolescent behavior change interventions [BCI] and their effectiveness in HIV and AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"M Mwale","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1363\/4103115","article-title":"The Case for Addressing Gender and Power in Sexuality And HIV Education: A Comprehensive Review of Evaluation Studies","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.08.013","article-title":"Sexuality Education: Emerging Trends in Evidence and Practice","volume":"56","author":"N Haberland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"IPPF. Springboard: A hands-on guide to developing youth friendly centres. International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.09.012","article-title":"Effective Strategies to Provide Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Services and to Increase Demand and Community Support","volume":"56","author":"DM Denno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","first-page":"333","article-title":"What Does Not Work in Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Evidence on Interventions Commonly Accepted as Best Practices. Global Health","volume":"3","author":"V Chandra-Mouli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science and Practice"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Challenges and strategies for sustaining youth-friendly health services- a qualitative study from the perspective of professionals at youth clinics in northern Sweden","volume":"1\u201313","author":"S Thom\u00e9e","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283384791","article-title":"Effectiveness of HIV prevention for youth in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials","volume":"24","author":"K Michielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/19439342.2017.1327880","article-title":"How effective are HIV behaviour change interventions? Experimental evidence from Zimbabwe","volume":"9","author":"A Rink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Development Effectiveness"},{"issue":"a506","key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of Stepping Stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"337","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X12666140129105726","article-title":"Sexual Risk Reduction Interventions for HIV Prevention among South African Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"11","author":"LAJ Scott-Sheldon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current HIV Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00071.x","article-title":"Effective curriculum-based sex and STD\/HIV education programs for adolescents","volume":"3","author":"D Kirby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005215.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents (Review)","author":"C Oringanje","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2015.1111203","article-title":"Lessons learned from a decade implementing Comprehensive Sexuality Education in resource poor settings: The World Starts With Me","volume":"16","author":"I Vanwesenbeeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.05.020","article-title":"Interventions to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections, Including HIV, Among Young People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Published and Gray Literature","volume":"59","author":"AM Kalamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1086\/691552","article-title":"Reducing Adolescent Risky Behaviors in a High-Risk Context: The Effects of Unconditional Cash Transfers in South Africa","volume":"65","author":"CJ Heinrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Economic Development and Cultural Change"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.07.024","article-title":"Impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children on early pregnancy and marriage of adolescent girls","volume":"141","author":"S Handa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2015.1134617","article-title":"How does a national poverty programme influence sexual debut among Kenyan adolescents?","volume":"12","author":"S Handa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"9823","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61709-1","article-title":"Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"379","author":"SJ Baird","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121607","article-title":"Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya","volume":"105","author":"E Duflo","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref29","author":"R Blum","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"ZimStat. Zimbabwe Population Census 2012. Harare: Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 2012."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"ZimStat. Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey Harare: Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency, 2009."},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2010\u201311","author":"International ICF ZimStat","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Zimbabwe population-based HIV impact assessment ZIMPHIA 2015\u20132016","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Policy Brief","author":"L Remez","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Zimbabwe National Family Planning Strategy (ZNFPS)","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070447","article-title":"Increasing Adolescent HIV Prevalence in Eastern Zimbabwe\u2013Evidence of Long-Term Survivors of Mother-to-Child Transmission?","volume":"8","author":"JW Eaton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-013-9604-4","article-title":"Drawing Causal Inferences Using Propensity Scores: A Practical Guide for Community Psychologists","volume":"52","author":"ST Lanza","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1277","author":"JD Angrist","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","first-page":"604","article-title":"Evaluating the Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental Data","volume":"76","author":"RJ Lalonde","year":"1986","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"448","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10473858","article-title":"Causal Effects in Nonexperimental Studies: Reevaluating the Evaluation of Training Programs","volume":"94","author":"RH Dehejia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600108","article-title":"diff: Simplifying the estimation of difference-in-differences treatment effects","volume":"16","author":"JM Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Stata Journal"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Wooldridge J, Imbens G. Difference-in-Differences Estimation. National Bureau of Economics Research Working Paper. 2007:1\u201319. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chem.200800738\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1002\/chem.200800738<\/ext-link><\/comment>"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s10742-014-0123-z","article-title":"Using Propensity Scores in Difference-in-Differences Models to Estimate the Effects of a Policy Change","volume":"14","author":"EA Stuart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Propensity Score Analysis Statistical Methods and Applications","author":"SY Guo","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","article-title":"The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects","volume":"70","author":"PR Rosenbaum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"SUPPL. PART B","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(07)06070-9","article-title":"Chapter 70 Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, Part I: Causal Models, Structural Models and Econometric Policy Evaluation","volume":"6","author":"JJ Heckman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of Econometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","article-title":"Factors affecting the HIV\/AIDS epidemic: An ecological analysis of global data","volume":"13","author":"M Mondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1363\/3505809","article-title":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Developing Countries: An Overview of Trends and Interventions","volume":"35","author":"MJ Hindin","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2016.1153491","article-title":"New insights into HIV epidemic in South Africa: key findings from the National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey, 2012","volume":"15","author":"K Zuma","year":"2016","journal-title":"African Journal of AIDS Research"},{"key":"ref50","author":"O Shisana","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2015: Final Report","author":"International ICF ZimStat","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2011.626303","article-title":"The rise and fall of HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe: the social, political and economic context","volume":"10","author":"S O'Brien","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of AIDS Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2011.02.004","article-title":"Declining HIV prevalence and incidence in perinatal women in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"3","author":"JW Hargrove","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000414","article-title":"A Surprising Prevention Success: Why Did the HIV Epidemic Decline in Zimbabwe?","volume":"8","author":"DT Halperin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq055","article-title":"HIV decline in Zimbabwe due to reductions in risky sex? Evidence from a comprehensive epidemiological review","volume":"39","author":"S Gregson","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i14","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.018051","article-title":"Understanding the reasons for decline of HIV prevalence in Haiti","volume":"82","author":"EM Gaillard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.059212","article-title":"Control of sexually transmitted infections and prevention of HIV transmission: mending a fractured paradigm","volume":"87","author":"R Steen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.25159\/2309-5792\/3322","article-title":"Interrogating Myths Surrounding Sex Education in Zimbabwean Schools: Lessons to be Learned from Ndebele Traditional Literature\/Oral Traditions","volume":"6","author":"S. Bhebhe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral History Journal of South Africa"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/58.1.129","article-title":"Interventions against sexually transmitted infections (STI) to prevent HIV infection","volume":"58","author":"P Mayaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91380-7","article-title":"Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial","volume":"346","author":"H Grosskurth","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref61","author":"N Marimo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.12691\/ajcmr-1-1-5","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS: The Zimbabwean Situation and Trends","volume":"1","author":"D Kerina","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.29245\/2578-2940\/2018\/1.1108","article-title":"Pre-exposure Prophylaxis as HIV Prevention in High Risk Adolescents","volume":"2","author":"ME Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of pediatrics and pediatric medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2015.v105i11.10222","article-title":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis for South African adolescents: What evidence?","volume":"105","author":"LG Bekker","year":"2015","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001145","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations","volume":"30","author":"VA Fonner","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30156-X","article-title":"Daily and non-daily pre-exposure prophylaxis in African women (HPTN 067\/ADAPT Cape Town Trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"5","author":"L-G Bekker","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125267","article-title":"Effects of an Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Intervention on Health Service Usage by Young People in Northern","volume":"10","author":"GA Aninanya","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10036","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1","article-title":"Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing","volume":"387","author":"GC Patton","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref71","unstructured":"Griggs D. From MDGs to SDGs: Key challenges and opportunities. 2015 2015. Report No.: 1."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Awareness campaigns as survival tools in the fight against gender-based violence in peri-urban communities of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. Jamba","volume":"5","author":"G Damba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Disaster Risk Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.4.795","article-title":"Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment","volume":"91","author":"E Duflo","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T20:37:35Z","timestamp":1588970255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218588"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammad Rifat","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218588","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]}}}