{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T03:54:59Z","timestamp":1779940499572,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DOMARENA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T17:23:11Z","timestamp":1565976191000},"page":"e0220063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Validation of automated artificial intelligence segmentation of optical coherence tomography images"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-5859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Maloca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel R.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mali","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0348-961X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katrin","family":"Fasler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beat","family":"H\u00f6rmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Suter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal W.","family":"Hasler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-8143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier","family":"Zarranz-Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5297-2301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tjebo F. C.","family":"Heeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Balaskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Tufail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik P. N.","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5035","key":"pone.0220063.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography","volume":"254","author":"D Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref002","first-page":"57","article-title":"Foreword: 25 Years of optical coherence tomography","author":"J Fujimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0220063.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3850-3","article-title":"Automated detection of exudative age-related macular degeneration in spectral domain optical coherence tomography using deep learning","volume":"256","author":"M Treder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0220063.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3839-y","article-title":"OCT-based deep learning algorithm for the evaluation of treatment indication with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications","volume":"256","author":"P Prahs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21293","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.021293","article-title":"Automated layer segmentation of macular OCT images using dual-scale gradient information","volume":"18","author":"Q Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0220063.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.001172","article-title":"Kernel regression based segmentation of optical coherence tomography images with diabetic macular edema","volume":"6","author":"SJ Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0220063.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.001133","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation of macular OCT images using boundary classification","volume":"4","author":"AC Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref008","unstructured":"Simonyan K, Zisserman A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. 2014. Available from: arXiv:1409.1556."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0220063.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"A Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0220063.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y","article-title":"Imagenet large scale visual recognition challenge","volume":"115","author":"O Russakovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref011","article-title":"Imagenet large scale visual recognition challenge","author":"A Khosla","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref012","unstructured":"Shelhamer E, Long J, Darrell T. Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation. 2016. Available from: arXiv:1605.06211."},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh H, Hong S, Han B. Learning deconvolution network for semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision; 2015; Washington, DC, USA. 1520\u20131528.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.178"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref014","first-page":"2481","article-title":"SegNet: A deep convolutional encoder-decoder architecture for image segmentation","volume":"39","author":"B Vijay","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref015","article-title":"CNN-based segmentation of medical imaging data","author":"B Kayalibay","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0220063.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0147-y","article-title":"Automated deep-neural-network surveillance of cranial images for acute neurologic events","volume":"24","author":"JJ Titano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0220063.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0107-6","article-title":"Clinically applicable deep learning for diagnosis and referral in retinal disease","volume":"24","author":"J De Fauw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0220063.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22617","article-title":"A deep learning approach to digitally stain optical coherence tomography images of the optic nerve head","volume":"59","author":"SK Devalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0220063.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003440","article-title":"Deep-learning based, automated segmentation of macular edema in optical coherence tomography","volume":"8","author":"CS Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0220063.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.031","article-title":"Fully automated detection and quantification of macular fluid in OCT using deep learning","volume":"125","author":"T Schlegl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002732","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of nine retinal layer boundaries in OCT images of non-exudative AMD patients using deep learning and graph search","volume":"8","author":"L Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003292","article-title":"Robust total retina thickness segmentation in optical coherence tomography images using convolutional neural networks","author":"FG Venhuizen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0220063.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003627","article-title":"ReLayNet: retinal layer and fluid segmentation of macular optical coherence tomography using fully convolutional networks","volume":"8","author":"AG Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref024","unstructured":"Apostolopoulos S, De Zanet S, Ciller C, Wolf S, Sznitman R. Pathological OCT retinal layer segmentation using branch residual U-shape networks. Available from: arXiv:1707.04931."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0220063.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000355","article-title":"Agreement and reproducibility of retinal pigment epithelial detachment volumetric measurements through optical coherence tomography","volume":"35","author":"J Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0220063.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.066472","article-title":"Involving undergraduates in the annotation and analysis of global gene expression studies: creation of a maize shoot apical meristem expression database","volume":"176","author":"B Buckner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0220063.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.5.6","article-title":"The accuracy and reliability of crowdsource annotations of digital retinal images","volume":"5","author":"D Mitry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"140","key":"pone.0220063.ref028","first-page":"241","article-title":"Distribution de la flore alpine dans le bassin des dranses et dans quelques r\u00e9gions voisines","volume":"37","author":"P Jaccard","year":"1901","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T. U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. 2015. Available from: arXiv:1505.04597.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref030","unstructured":"Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, Brevdo E, Chen Z, Citro C et al. TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous distributed systems. 2015. Available from: arXiv:1603.04467."},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref031","unstructured":"Kingma, DP, Ba J. A method for stochastic optimization. 2014. Available from: arXiv arXiv:1412.6980."},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litjens G, Kooi T, Bejnordi BE, Setio AAA, Ciompi F, Ghafoorian M. A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis. 2017. Available at: arXiv170205747L.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref033","unstructured":"Szegedy CH, Zaremba W, Sutskever I, Bruna J, Erhan D, Goodfellow I et al. Intriguing properties of neural networks. 2013. Available from: arXiv:1312.6199."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0220063.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"A Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0220063.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.07.030","article-title":"Computerized assessment of intraretinal and subretinal fluid regions in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images of the retina","volume":"155","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0220063.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2184759","article-title":"Automated segmentation of intraretinal cystoid fluid in optical coherence tomography","volume":"59","author":"GR Wilkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pone.0220063.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.000579","article-title":"Transfer learning based classification of optical coherence tomography images with diabetic macular edema and dry age-related macular degeneration","author":"SP Karri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T16:21:19Z","timestamp":1589041279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220063"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"P\u0142awiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]}}}