{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:16:15Z","timestamp":1778181375839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000317","name":"Action Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GN2429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN2429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of the Economy Northern Ireland"},{"name":"Vision Translational Research Group NI HSC R&D"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T17:34:12Z","timestamp":1564680852000},"page":"e0220480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["In-school eyecare in special education settings has measurable benefits for children\u2019s vision and behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3930-6483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S. A.","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. L.","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"McKerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. F.","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3410-5949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K.","family":"Dillenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Anketell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.159053","article-title":"Evidence that children with special needs all require visual assessment","volume":"95","author":"M Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.81036","article-title":"Ocular disorders in children with learning disabilities in special education schools of Pune, India","volume":"59","author":"P Gogate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","first-page":"NC01","article-title":"Visual Function and Ocular Status in Children with Disabilities in Special Schools of Northern India","volume":"10","author":"G Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-308131","article-title":"Burden of ocular and visual disorders among pupils in special schools in Nepal","volume":"100","author":"S Puri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305267","article-title":"Common visual problems in children with disability","volume":"99","author":"A Salt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00881.x","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. II. Aspects of refractive errors, strabismus and contrast sensitivity","volume":"85","author":"L Sandfeld Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00867.x","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. I. prevalence, diagnoses and aetiology of visual impairment","volume":"85","author":"LS Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"SeeAbility. Delivering an equal right to sight. 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304866","article-title":"Ocular and visual status among children in special schools in Wales: the burden of unrecognised visual impairment","volume":"99","author":"JM Woodhouse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308534","article-title":"Are all children with visual impairment known to the eye clinic?","volume":"101","author":"R Pilling","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.12.009","article-title":"A lack of vision: evidence for poor communication of visual problems and support needs in education statements\/plans for children with SEN","volume":"129","author":"JA Little","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212733","article-title":"Findings from an opt-in eye examination service in English special schools. Is vision screening effective for this population?","volume":"14","author":"LA Donaldson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Health for all children","author":"DM Hall","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Public Health England. Child vision screening guidance service specification. Updated 9th January 2018. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/child-vision-screening\/service-specification\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/child-vision-screening\/service-specification<\/ext-link>. Accessed February, 2019."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Framework for provision of eye care in special schools in England. 2016."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00757.x","article-title":"A visual skills inventory for children with neurological impairments","volume":"49","author":"DL McCulloch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Strategies and tactics of behavioral research","author":"JM Johnston","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391853"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810893","article-title":"Measuring behaviour: an introductory guide","author":"PR Martin","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Good Inclusion Game (GIG): Effective practice for inclusive education","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academia Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307558","article-title":"Assessing visual function in children with complex disabilities: the Bradford visual function box","volume":"100","author":"RF Pilling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12155","article-title":"Identifying and characterising cerebral visual impairment in children: a review","volume":"97","author":"SS Philip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2001.0078","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment in children","volume":"6","author":"G N Dutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2012.680232","article-title":"Diagnosing cerebral visual impairment in children with good visual acuity","volume":"20","author":"M van Genderen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Written reports of visual status are valued and utilised by parents of children with special educational needs. BIPOSA Annual meeting; Invalid date."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Ulster University and SEEAbilty. Vision report template. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.ulster.ac.uk\/research\/institutes\/biomedical-sciences\/research\/optometry-and-vision-science-research-group\/vision-resources\/resources-for-professionals\/effective-report-writing\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.ulster.ac.uk\/research\/institutes\/biomedical-sciences\/research\/optometry-and-vision-science-research-group\/vision-resources\/resources-for-professionals\/effective-report-writing<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21\/10, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","first-page":"P184","article-title":"Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern(R): I. Vision Screening in the Primary Care and Community Setting; II. Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination","volume":"125","author":"DK Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref27","first-page":"929","article-title":"Accommodative lag using dynamic retinoscopy: age norms for school-age children","volume":"81","author":"JF McClelland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0275-5408(97)80752-1","article-title":"A new contrast senstivity test for young children- The Cardiff Contrast Test","volume":"17","author":"R Barbareza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","first-page":"7","article-title":"Visual fields of young children","volume":"29","author":"MF Cummings","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research Invalid date"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2012.680233","article-title":"Crowding ratio in young normally sighted children","volume":"20","author":"MJ Dekker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Ulster University. Ulster Vision Resources. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.ulster.ac.uk\/research\/institutes\/biomedical-sciences\/research\/optometry-and-vision-science-research-group\/vision-resources\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.ulster.ac.uk\/research\/institutes\/biomedical-sciences\/research\/optometry-and-vision-science-research-group\/vision-resources<\/ext-link>. Accessed 11th March, 2019."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.22599\/bioj.222","article-title":"Impairment of vision in children due to damage to the brain: a practical approach","volume":"5","year":"2008","journal-title":"The British and Irish Orthoptic Journal"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. 11th ed.; 2018."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref34","first-page":"959","article-title":"UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium. Visual Function, Social Position, and Health and Life Chances: The UK Biobank Study","volume":"134","author":"PM Cumberland","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00080.x","article-title":"Efficacy of treatment for convergence insufficiency using vision therapy","volume":"22","author":"P Adler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.35.4.249","article-title":"Measurement of ocular pursuits in normal children","volume":"35","author":"MB Gilligan","year":"1981","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"117","article-title":"Visual impairment in children due to damage in the brain","author":"GN Dutton","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.176040","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in school children in Northern Ireland","volume":"94","author":"L O'Donoghue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001190","article-title":"Accommodative Function in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"95","author":"PM Anketell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0825","article-title":"Accommodative dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy: a population-based study","volume":"47","author":"JF McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref41","first-page":"2382","article-title":"Reduced accommodation in children with Down syndrome","volume":"34","author":"JM Woodhouse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2009.00646.x","article-title":"Bifocals and Down&apos;s syndrome: correction or treatment?","volume":"29","author":"M Al-Bagdady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00650.x","article-title":"Bifocals in Down syndrome study (BiDS): analysis of video recorded sessions of literacy and visual perceptual skills","volume":"94","author":"K Nandakumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.154","article-title":"Reliability of a question inventory for structured history taking in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"26","author":"C Macintyre-Beon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1010401003","article-title":"Cortical or cerebral visual impairment in children: A brief overview","volume":"104","author":"AH Lueck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","first-page":"178","article-title":"Visual disorders in children with cerebral palsy: the implications for rehabilitation programs and school work","volume":"17","author":"GN Dutton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eastern Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.05.019","article-title":"Atypical sensory behaviours in children with Tourette&apos;s Syndrome and in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"56","author":"A.K. Ludlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2008.11.007","article-title":"Lighting and discomfort in the classroom","volume":"29","author":"M. Winterbottom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref49","first-page":"85","article-title":"Reading conditions in schools: a review of fluorescent lighting, ultra-white paper, unexplained learning difficulties, and visual stress in the classroom","volume":"12","author":"S.J. Loew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology and Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198007000-00007","article-title":"The effects of corrective lenses on various behaviors of mentally retarded persons","volume":"57","author":"D Bader","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"NHS England. The NHS Long Term Plan. 2019; Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.longtermplan.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/nhs-long-term-plan.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.longtermplan.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/nhs-long-term-plan.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 24th February, 2019."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 8)."},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Children and Families Act 2014 (c.6).; London(The Stationery Office)."},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Additional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 (anaw 2)."},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 (c.8)."},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Department of Health. Health and Wellbeing 2026: Delivering Together. 2016;Belfast(DHSSPS)."},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Healthy lives, Healthy Future- A framework for the universal child health promotion programme in Northern Ireland","year":"2010"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222300","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567641600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T01:16:57Z","timestamp":1664068617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220480"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Celestino","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220480","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222300","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}}}