{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:12:07Z","timestamp":1780571527641,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["680997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["680997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T13:32:58Z","timestamp":1573047178000},"page":"e0221389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory illness in children under five in primary care in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: A descriptive FRESH AIR study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2181-4743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesper","family":"Kj\u00e6rgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2306-1626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marilena","family":"Anastasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Stubbe \u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Isaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azamat","family":"Akylbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhat Quynh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4990-142X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanne","family":"Reventlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Lionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talant","family":"Sooronbaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1186-0543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Le An","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Nantanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"FRESH AIR Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0221389.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23030","article-title":"The global burden of respiratory disease-Impact on child health","volume":"434","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31575-6","article-title":"Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0221389.ref003","first-page":"119","article-title":"Integrated management of childhood illness: conclusions. WHO Division of Child Health and Development","volume":"75","author":"WHO","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref004","author":"WHO","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estimated coverage of IMCI training"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzw080","article-title":"Measuring pediatric quality of care in rural clinics-a multi-country assessment-Cambodia, Guatemala, Zambia and Kenya","volume":"28","author":"A Edward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Qual Heal care J Int Soc Qual Heal Care"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4104\/pcrj.2012.00038","article-title":"Childhood asthma in low income countries: An invisible killer?","volume":"21","author":"MS \u00d8stergaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir625","article-title":"Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"53","author":"JS Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0221389.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011","volume":"66","author":"M Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x","article-title":"The global burden of asthma: Executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee Report","volume":"59","author":"Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Program","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref010","author":"WHO","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Chart Booklet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0221389.ref011","first-page":"77","article-title":"The integrated management of childhood illness in western Uganda","volume":"75","author":"PR Kolstad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.106609","article-title":"Global variation in the prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms: phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"64","author":"the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69283-0","article-title":"Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys","volume":"368","author":"MI Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301","article-title":"Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates","volume":"332","author":"FD Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref015","first-page":"516","article-title":"Wheezing conditions in early childhood: prevalence and risk factors in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"82","author":"MHD Ben\u00edcio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.035741","article-title":"Assessment and management of children aged 1\u201359 months presenting with wheeze, fast breathing, and\/or lower chest indrawing; results of a multicentre descriptive study in Pakistan","volume":"89","author":"T Hazir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref017","first-page":"827","article-title":"Improving antibiotic and bronchodilator prescription in children presenting with difficult breathing: experience from an urban hospital in India","volume":"38","author":"HP Sachdev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081562","article-title":"Asthma and pneumonia among children less than five years with acute respiratory symptoms in Mulago Hospital, Uganda: Evidence of under-diagnosis of asthma","volume":"8","author":"R Nantanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref019","first-page":"353","article-title":"Challenges in treating pediatric asthma in developing countries","volume":"14","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16035","DOI":"10.1038\/npjpcrm.2016.35","article-title":"FRESH AIR: an implementation research project funded through Horizon 2020 exploring the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic respiratory diseases in low-resource settings","volume":"26","author":"L Cragg","year":"2016","journal-title":"npj Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref021","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tool to evaluate the quality of care delivered to sick children attending outpatients facilities"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.925","article-title":"Assessment of children for acute respiratory infections in hospital outpatients in Tanzania: What drives good practice?","volume":"79","author":"CIR Chandler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041723","article-title":"Clinical assessment and treatment in paediatric wards in the north-east of the United Republic of Tanzania","volume":"86","author":"H Reyburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref025","first-page":"895","article-title":"WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group. Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age","volume":"82","author":"I Rudan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref026","author":"WHO","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essential Medicines List"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref027","author":"WHO","year":"2014","journal-title":"ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Global Report on Surveillance"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref028","author":"J O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0243","article-title":"Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infections During Influenza Seasons","volume":"1","author":"FP Havers","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref030","first-page":"CD001831","article-title":"Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings","author":"SM Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2014-110156","article-title":"There is no good evidence for the effectiveness of commonly used over-the-counter medicine to alleviate acute cough","volume":"20","author":"A De Sutter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid Based Med"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.06.003","article-title":"Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne Effect","volume":"63","author":"K Leonard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0221389.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.187476","article-title":"Strengthening health systems for universal health coverage and sustainable development","volume":"95","author":"MP Kieny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229680","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T13:33:14Z","timestamp":1573047194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221389"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Beena","family":"Kamath-Rayne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221389","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229680","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]}}}