{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:10:02Z","timestamp":1790287802115,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T15:24:00Z","timestamp":1571844240000},"page":"e0224112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["13C and 15N NMR identification of product compound classes from aqueous and solid phase photodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2236-5193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Thorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"141","key":"pone.0224112.ref001","article-title":"Spread, behavior, and ecosystem consequences of conventional munitions compounds in coastal marine waters","volume":"5","author":"AJ Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers Marine Sci"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref002","article-title":"Environmental fate and transport process descriptors for explosives","author":"JM Brannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chappel MA, Price CL, George RD, editors. Environmental chemistry of explosives and propellant compounds in soils and marine systems: distributed source characterization and remedial technologies. ACS Symposium Series 1069; Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 2011.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2011-1069"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clausen JL, Korte N. Fate and transport of energetics from surface soils to groundwater. In: Chappel MA, Price CL, George RD, editors. Environmental chemistry of explosives and propellant compounds in soils and marine systems: distributed source characterization and remedial technologies. ACS Symposium Series 1069; Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 2011. pp. 273\u2013316.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2011-1069.ch015"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref005","first-page":"163","article-title":"Explosives: Fate, dynamics, and ecological impact in terrestrial and marine environments","volume":"191","author":"AL Juhasz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0224112.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-REP-10-01-05","article-title":"Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"83","author":"A. Kalderis DJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pre Appl Chem"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref007","article-title":"Review of formulations for processes affecting the subsurface transport of explosives","author":"CJ McGrath","year":"1995","journal-title":"US Army Corps of Engineers"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/617236","article-title":"Distribution and fate of military explosives and propellants in soil: A review","author":"J Pichtel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Soil Sci"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref009","first-page":"195","volume-title":"The handbook of environmental chemistry","author":"DH Rosenblatt","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01083-0","volume-title":"Biological remediation of explosive residues","author":"SN Singh","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420032673","volume-title":"Biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds and explosives","author":"JC Spain","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004342","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology of explosives","author":"GI Sunahara","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref013","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nitroaromatic munition compounds: environmental effects and screening values","volume":"161","author":"SS Talmage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxical"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439805299","volume-title":"Toxicity and Metabolism of explosives","author":"J Yinon","year":"1990"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref015","unstructured":"USEPA. Technical Fact Sheet-2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). 2017. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/fedfac\/technical-fact-sheet-246-trinitrotoluene-tnt"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9447-2","volume-title":"Biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds","author":"JC Spain","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.11.036","article-title":"Incorporation and mineralization of TNT and other anthropogenic organics by natural microbial assemblages from a small, tropical estuary","volume":"174","author":"MT Montgomery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0224112.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1021\/es011383j","article-title":"15N NMR Investigation of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose","volume":"36","author":"KA Thorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0224112.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1021\/es011382r","article-title":"15N NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting","volume":"36","author":"KA Thorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0224112.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1021\/es0720659","article-title":"N-15 NMR study of the immobilization of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in aerobic compost","volume":"42","author":"KA Thorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref021","first-page":"73","article-title":"Photochemistry of TNT: Investigation of the \"Pink Water\" problem","author":"NE Burlinson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Naval Ordanance Laboratory"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref022","article-title":"Photochemical degradation of Composition B and its components","author":"JC Pennington","year":"2007","journal-title":"US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref023","article-title":"Dissolution rate, weathering mechanics, and friability of TNT, Comp B, Tritonal, and Octol","author":"S Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Defense Technical Information Center"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0224112.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620100701","article-title":"Fate of the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) in soil and bioaccumulation in bush bean hydroponic plants","volume":"10","author":"SD Harvey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref025","article-title":"Distribution and fate of energetics on DoD test and training ranges: final report","author":"JC Pennington","year":"2006","journal-title":"US Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980292a","article-title":"Application of continuous-flow HPLC-proton-nuclear magnetic resonanace spectroscopy for the structural elucidation of phototransformation products of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene","volume":"70","author":"M Godejohann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0224112.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.1021\/es901068d","article-title":"Comprehensive non-targeted analysis of contaminated groundwater of a former ammunition destruction site using 1H-NMR and HPLC-SPE-NMR\/tof-MS","volume":"43","author":"MH Godejohann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0224112.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-401X(199811)26:6<330::AID-AHEH330>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Determination of polar organic pollutants in aqueous samples of former ammunition sites in Lower Saxony by means of HPLC\/photodiode array detection (HPLC\/PDA) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR)","volume":"26","author":"MP, A. Godejohann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0224112.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.45.6.10","article-title":"Framework for evaluating the fate, transport, and risks from conventional munitions compounds in underwater environments","volume":"45","author":"HD Craig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Technol Soc J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0224112.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1021\/es970992h","article-title":"Trace explosives signatures from World War II unexploded undersea ordnance","volume":"32","author":"MR Darrach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0224112.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.12.016","article-title":"Effects of TNT leakage from dumped ammunition on fish and invertebrates in static brackish water systems","volume":"69","author":"H Ek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/789594","volume-title":"Chemical sensing of explosive targets in the Bedford BasinHalifax Nova Scotia","author":"PJ Rodacy","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref033","article-title":"Fate of TNT in an aquatic environment: Photodecomposition vs biotransformation","author":"NE Burlinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Naval Surface Weapons Center"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref034","article-title":"Photochemistry of TNT and related nitroaromatics: Part III","author":"NE Burlinson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Naval Surface Weapons Center"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0224112.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01335a016","article-title":"Photochemical generation of the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzyl anion","volume":"44","author":"NE Burlinson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref036","article-title":"Photochemistry of TNT: investigation of the \"Pink Water\" Problem. Part II","author":"LA Kaplan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Naval Surface Weapons Center"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref037","article-title":"Photochemistry of TNT and related nitrobodies. Progress Report No. 14 for 1 October to 31 December 1977","author":"NE Burlinson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Naval Surface Weapons Center"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1021\/es052206b","article-title":"Sources and sinks of hydroxyl radicals upon irradiation of water samples","volume":"40","author":"D Vione","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0224112.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(83)90174-1","article-title":"Photolysis of nitroaromatics in aquatic systems. I. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene","volume":"12","author":"WR Mabey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref040","article-title":"Environmental fate studies on certain muniton wastewater constitutents","author":"RJ Spanggord","year":"1980","journal-title":"US Army Medical Research and Development Command"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0224112.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(86)90179-X","article-title":"Influence of humic substances on photolysis of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous systems","volume":"20","author":"MS Simmons","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wat Res"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Sullivan DWD, J. R.; Prak, D. J. Photolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in seawater: effect of salinity and nitrate concentration. In: Chappel MA, Price CL, George RD, editors. Environmental chemistry of explosives and propellant compounds in soils and marine systems: distributed source characterization and remedial technologies. ACS Symposium Series 1069; Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 2011. pp. 157\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2011-1069.ch008"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0224112.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.10.073","article-title":"Photolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in seawater and estuary water: Impact of pH, temperature, salinity, and dissolved organic matter","volume":"114","author":"DJ Luning Prak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"issue":"0","key":"pone.0224112.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2013.10.009","article-title":"Influence of pH, temperature, salinity, and dissolved organic matter on the photolysis of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in seawater","volume":"157","author":"DJ Luning Prak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0224112.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(95)00011-V","article-title":"Photocatalytic mineralization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide","volume":"30","author":"Z Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref046","article-title":"The effects of ultraviolet light on TNT in aqueous solutions","author":"CC Andrews","year":"1975","journal-title":"Weapons Quality Engineering Center, Naval Weapons Support Center"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0224112.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1366\/13-07190","article-title":"Solution and solid trinitrotoluene (TNT) photochemistry: persistence of TNT-like ultraviolet (UV) resonance Raman bands","volume":"68","author":"KL Gares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0224112.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1097-3","article-title":"Effect of soil conditions on natural attenuation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by UV photolysis in soils at an active firing range in South Korea","volume":"15","author":"S Im","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Soil Sediment"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1021\/jp211260t","article-title":"Fate dynamics of environmentally exposed explosive traces","volume":"116","author":"K. E. Kunz RRG","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0224112.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042","article-title":"Application of advanced oxidation processes for TNT removal: A review","volume":"178","author":"K Ayoub","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2015.06.003","article-title":"Meisenheimer complex between 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and its use for a paper-based sensor","volume":"5","author":"S Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens Biosensing Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0224112.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(95)00136-9","article-title":"Photocatalytic Transformation and mineralization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Ti02 slurries","volume":"29","author":"DC Schmelling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wat Res"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref053","article-title":"Environmental fate studies on certain munitions wastewater constituents. Phase IV-lagoon model studies","author":"RJ Spanggord","year":"1983","journal-title":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0224112.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1021\/es9809915","article-title":"Anaerobic biotransformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene by Clostridium acetobutylicum: a pathway through dihydroxylamino intermediates","volume":"33","author":"JB Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/kin.550060109","article-title":"Flash photolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene solutions","volume":"6","author":"K Suryanarayanan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int J Chem Kinet"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref056","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Organic Reactions. 35","author":"RE Gawley","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0224112.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1139\/v69-007","article-title":"The photochemical Beckmann rearrangement","volume":"47","author":"H Izawa","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can J Chemistry"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0224112.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00140a019","article-title":"Photochemical Beckmann rearrangements. Correspondence between substituent effects in oximes and oxaziridines","volume":"47","author":"Y Ogata","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0224112.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0335","article-title":"Ultraviolet irradiation effects incorporation of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen into aquatic natural organic matter","volume":"41","author":"KA Thorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref060","first-page":"88","article-title":"Synthesis of benzannelated five-membered heteroaromatic compounds from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene","volume":"4","author":"MA Bastrakov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arkivoc"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.11.028","article-title":"Photochemical degradation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene in aqueous solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"55","author":"QM Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0224112.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01341a050","article-title":"Reactions of \u03b1-substituted polynitrotoluenes. II. The generation and reactions of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzyl anion","volume":"31","author":"KG Shipp","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0224112.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60264a003","article-title":"Photochemical reactions of azoxy compounds, nitrones, and aromatic amine N-oxides","volume":"70","author":"GG Spence","year":"1970","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref064","first-page":"122","volume":"19","author":"L Alessandri","year":"1910","journal-title":"Atti Accad Naz Lincei, Rend, Classe Sci Fis Mat Nat"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.190503801214","volume":"38","author":"G Ciamician","year":"1905","journal-title":"Chem Ber"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0224112.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201300504","article-title":"Peptide fragment coupling using a continuous-flow photochemical rearrangement of nitrones","volume":"52","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Edit"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9447-2_10","volume-title":"Biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds","author":"MD Corbett","year":"1995"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0224112.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1039\/p29910001861","article-title":"Reaction between various benzaldehydes and phenylhydroxylamine: special behaviour compared with other amines","author":"IMC Brighente","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Chem Soc Perk T 2"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0224112.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4601(2000)32:8<453::AID-KIN1>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Differences among the mechanisms of reaction of phenylhydroxylamine with various carbonyl compounds","volume":"32","author":"IMC Brighente","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Chem Kinet"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18749","DOI":"10.1021\/jp961692+","article-title":"Photodecomposition of nitrite and undissociated nitrous acid in aqueous solution","volume":"100","author":"M Fischer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref071","first-page":"1","article-title":"Photochemistry of nitrate and nitrite in aqueous solution: a review. Photochem Photobiol","volume":"128","author":"J Mack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0224112.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10597","DOI":"10.1021\/ja073609+","article-title":"Mechanism of nitrite formation by nitrate photolysis in aqueous solutions: the role of peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide, and hydroxyl radical","volume":"129","author":"S Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref073","volume-title":"NMR spectroscopy of the non-metallic elements","author":"S Berger","year":"1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0224112.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.1260310509","article-title":"Multinuclear magnetic resonance study of oxaziridines","volume":"31","author":"M \u010cudi\u0107","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn Reson Chem"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref075","volume-title":"Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","author":"G Levy","year":"1979"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref076","volume-title":"Annual reports on NMR spectroscopy","author":"M Witanowski","year":"1993"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref077","first-page":"161","article-title":"Alternating compound one eighties used to suppress transients in the coil","volume":"49","author":"SL Patt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/es970612s","article-title":"Bamberger rearrangement during TNT metabolism by Clostridium acetobutylicum","volume":"32","author":"JB Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0224112.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005663104888","article-title":"Stability of hydroxylamino- and amino-intermediates from reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene","volume":"22","author":"CY Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2000.642568x","article-title":"Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification","volume":"64","author":"KA Thorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0224112.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.57.1.55-60.1949","article-title":"Hydroxylamine as a source of nitrogen for Azobacter Vinelandii","volume":"57","author":"W Segal","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref082","volume-title":"PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups","author":"WS Horspool","year":"2009"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0224112.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1021\/es803372n","article-title":"Dillewijn Pv. Microorganisms and explosives: mechanisms of nitrogen release from TNT for use as an N-source for growth","volume":"43","author":"R-M Wittich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00076a059","article-title":"Amination of nitrobenzene via nucleophilic aromatic substitution for hydrogen: direct formation of aromatic amide bonds","volume":"58","author":"MK Stern","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00098a021","article-title":"A new route to 4-aminodiphenylamine via nucleophilic aromatic substitution for hydrogen: reaction of aniline and azobenzene","volume":"59","author":"MK Stern","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0224112.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00049a095","article-title":"Direct coupling of aniline and nitrobenzene: a new example of nucleophilic aromatic substitution for hydrogen","volume":"114","author":"MK Stern","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"pone.0224112.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1021\/es030655a","article-title":"Alkaline hydrolysis\/polymerization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene: characterization of products by 15N NMR","volume":"38","author":"KA Thorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0224112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T22:13:42Z","timestamp":1611612822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0224112"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Lehmler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0224112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]}}}