{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:12:47Z","timestamp":1784563967448,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T18:45:40Z","timestamp":1576176340000},"page":"e0225545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparative analysis of the vaginal microbiome of pregnant women with either Trichomonas vaginalis or Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-2430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon Chengo","family":"Masha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-5475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Collins","family":"Owuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Mwongeli","family":"Ngoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Cools","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-8921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduard J.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Vaneechoutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-6038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tania","family":"Crucitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne P.","family":"de Villiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0225545.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body","volume":"14","author":"R Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS biology"},{"issue":"5778","key":"pone.0225545.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome","volume":"312","author":"SR Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"7402","key":"pone.0225545.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Human Microbiome Project C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0225545.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304","article-title":"Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting","volume":"10","author":"L Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0225545.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.2001-2005.2000","article-title":"Lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane","volume":"66","author":"HL Alakomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0225545.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00124.x","article-title":"Selection and identification of anaerobic lactobacilli producing inhibitory compounds against vaginal pathogens","volume":"48","author":"J Kaewsrichan","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0225545.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-61","article-title":"Comparison between Gram stain and culture for the characterization of vaginal microflora: Definition of a distinct grade that resembles grade I microflora and revised categorization of grade I microflora","volume":"5","author":"R Verhelst","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0225545.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1086\/315109","article-title":"The identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species","volume":"180","author":"MA Antonio","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"pone.0225545.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.09.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners, the unusual suspect","volume":"168","author":"M. Vaneechoutte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research in microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0225545.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207781024892","article-title":"Targeted screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in women, a pH-based approach","volume":"18","author":"C Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"International journal of STD & AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0225545.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit100","article-title":"Unique Vaginal Microbiota That Includes an Unknown Mycoplasma-Like Organism Is Associated With Trichomonas vaginalis Infection","volume":"207","author":"DH Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0225545.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3455-4","article-title":"Urogenital pathogens, associated with Trichomonas vaginalis, among pregnant women in Kilifi, Kenya: a nested case-control study","volume":"18","author":"SC Masha","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0225545.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.016","article-title":"Association of Bacterial Vaginosis With Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Among Women in the U.S. Army","volume":"52","author":"CT Bautista","year":"2017","journal-title":"American journal of preventive medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0225545.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.2000.079005390.x","article-title":"Treatment with 2% clindamycin vaginal cream prior to first trimester surgical abortion to reduce signs of postoperative infection: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study","volume":"79","author":"PG Larsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"7204","key":"pone.0225545.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7204.220","article-title":"Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study","volume":"319","author":"SG Ralph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0225545.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019440","article-title":"Association of bacterial vaginosis with a history of second trimester miscarriage","volume":"11","author":"JM Llahi-Camp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0225545.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803053381006","article-title":"Premature rupture of the fetal membranes","volume":"338","author":"S Parry","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0225545.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.339","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis","volume":"189","author":"H Leitich","year":"2003","journal-title":"American journal of obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"9832","key":"pone.0225545.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0225545.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175166","article-title":"High prevalence of curable sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women in a rural county hospital in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"12","author":"SC Masha","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0225545.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"RP Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0225545.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0225545.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03006-05","article-title":"Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB","volume":"72","author":"TZ DeSantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0225545.ref024","first-page":"782","article-title":"Calypso: a user-friendly web-server for mining and visualizing microbiome-environment interactions","volume":"33","author":"M Zakrzewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0225545.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79","article-title":"Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal bacterial community composition among reproductive-age women","volume":"39","author":"RM Brotman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"pone.0225545.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750479","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/750479","article-title":"The human vaginal bacterial biota and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"2008","author":"S Srinivasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0225545.ref027","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota composition and association with prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a cross-sectional study of young women attending a STI clinic in France","author":"J Tamarelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted infections"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0225545.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5500-5510.2003","article-title":"Culture-independent identification of pathogenic bacteria and polymicrobial infections in the genitourinary tract of renal transplant recipients","volume":"41","author":"E Domann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0225545.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0299-7","article-title":"An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0225545.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.125","article-title":"Clinical microbiology of coryneform bacteria","volume":"10","author":"G Funke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0225545.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00538-07","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities and clinical sources of Dialister species","volume":"51","author":"F Morio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0225545.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39802","article-title":"Brief Report: Dialister as a Microbial Marker of Disease Activity in Spondyloarthritis","volume":"69","author":"RY Tito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, NJ)"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225545","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:29:02Z","timestamp":1613089742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225545"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David N.","family":"Fredricks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]}}}