{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:58:21Z","timestamp":1792623501718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T17:48:19Z","timestamp":1590774499000},"page":"e0227725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Detection and characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from the gut of healthy chickens, Gallus gallus domesticus in rural Nepal: Dominance of CTX-M-15-non-ST131 Escherichia coli clones"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3488-4217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Supram","family":"Hosuru Subramanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Bairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Amberpet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashiraj","family":"Padukone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Metok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharm Raj","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Sathian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0227725.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2012.09.009","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in meat products sold in Navarre, Spain","volume":"93","author":"E Ojer-Usoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01851.x","article-title":"Animal reservoirs for extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producers","volume":"14","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0227725.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00125-13","article-title":"Escherichia coli ST131, an intriguing clonal group","volume":"vol. 27","author":"M. Nicolas-Chanoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.08.003","article-title":"The continuing challenge of ESBLs","volume":"7","author":"F Perez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.145","article-title":"Escherichia coli producing CTX-M \u03b2-lactamases in food animals in Hong Kong","volume":"12","author":"R. S Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.12.015","article-title":"Detection and characterization of CTX-M and CMY-2 \u03b2-lactamases among Escherichia coli isolates from farm animals in Guangdong Province of China","volume":"29","author":"J. H Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-21","article-title":"Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk","volume":"8","author":"N Geser","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0227725.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt518","article-title":"Carbapenemase-producing bacteria in companion animals: a public health concern on the horizon","volume":"69","author":"S Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl415","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli harbouring extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases of the CTX-M, TEM and SHV classes in faecal samples of wild animals in Portugal","volume":"58","author":"D Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0271","article-title":"Quantification of the BlaCMY-2 in feces from beef feedlot cattle administered three different doses of ceftiofur in a longitudinal controlled field trial","volume":"6","author":"W. Q. Alali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01937.x","article-title":"Influence of tetracycline exposure on tetracycline resistance and the carriage of tetracycline resistance genes within commensal Escherichia coli populations","volume":"94","author":"D. P. Blake","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2007.0026","article-title":"Retail meat consumption and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections: a case-control study","volume":"4","author":"AR Manges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0227725.ref013","first-page":"S279","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections: eating poultry outside of the home and foreign travel are risk factors","volume":"38","author":"HD Kassenborg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Inf Dis"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref014","unstructured":"FAO. 2014. Poultry Sector Nepal. FAO Animal Production and Health Livestock Country Reviews. No. 8. Rome."},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02120","article-title":"Risk of Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli from Commercial Broiler and Free-Range Retail Chicken in India","volume":"8","author":"A Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref016","volume-title":"Koneman's color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology","author":"WC Winn","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref017","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 27th ed. CLSI Document M100. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2017."},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref018","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 28th ed. CLSI Document M100. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0227725.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.16053","article-title":"Evaluation of methods for AmpC beta-lactamase in gram-negative clinical isolates from tertiary care hospitals. M","volume":"23","author":"S Singhal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"pone.0227725.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.029140-0","article-title":"Comparison of methods for AmpC \u03b2-lactamase detection in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"60","author":"PR Ingram","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref021","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-fourth informational supplement M100-S26. CLSI, Wayne, PA."},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref022","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2018). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-fourth informational supplement M100-S28. CLSI, Wayne, PA."},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-016-1081-1","article-title":"Crystal Violet and XTT Assays on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Quantification","volume":"73","author":"Z Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0227725.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498","article-title":"Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"65","author":"C Dallenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0227725.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1512-9","article-title":"Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in a Turkish community","volume":"47","author":"D \u00c7akir Erdo\u011fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0227725.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00179-17","article-title":"Rapid Identification of Different Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 Clades","volume":"61","author":"Y Matsumura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5353.996","article-title":"Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture","volume":"279","author":"W. Witte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0227725.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212042","article-title":"Low rate of gut colonization by extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in HIV infected persons as compared to healthy individuals in Nepal","volume":"14","author":"S Hosuru Subramanya","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis947","article-title":"Editorial commentary: extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the United States: time to rethink empirical treatment for suspected E. coli infections?","volume":"56","author":"B Foxman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400070807","article-title":"The persistence of drug resistant Escherichia coli in the intestinal flora of healthy broiler chicks","volume":"89","author":"M. Hinton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.1.1","article-title":"Does the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry select antibiotic-resistant bacteria that infect man and compromise antimicrobial chemotherapy?","volume":"38","author":"L. J. V. Piddock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0227725.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171642","article-title":"Different antibiotic growth promoters induce specific changes in the cecal microbiota membership of broiler chicken","volume":"12","author":"MC Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199958040-00002","article-title":"Antibiotic usage in animals\u2014impact on bacterial resistance and public health","volume":"58","author":"A. E. Van den Bogaard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0227725.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.763","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers","volume":"47","author":"A. E. van den Bogaard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku178","article-title":"Extended-spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in broilers and people living and\/or working on broiler farms: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characteristics","volume":"69","author":"P. M. Huijbers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref036","first-page":"3402","article-title":"Clonal transmission of a colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from a domesticated pig to a human in laos","volume":"70","author":"A. O. Olaitan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0227725.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000020","article-title":"Types and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry","volume":"18","author":"EM Saliu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0227725.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0135402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135402","article-title":"Distribution, Numbers, and Diversity of ESBL-Producing E. coli in the Poultry Farm Environment","volume":"10","author":"H Blaak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00550","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated From Lebanese Poultry: A Nationwide Study","volume":"9","author":"Iman Dandachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0227725.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2917-x","article-title":"Multi-drug resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria from chicken meat in Bharatpur Metropolitan, Nepal","volume":"10","author":"A Shrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0227725.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1442-z","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence genes content in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) from broiler chickens in Chitwan, Nepal","volume":"14","author":"M Subedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0227725.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.034","article-title":"Comparison of ESBL contamination in organic and conventional retail chicken meat","volume":"154","author":"J Cohen Stuart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0227725.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks295","article-title":"High prevalence of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in organic and conventional retail chicken meat, Germany","volume":"67","author":"A Kola","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0227725.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2016\/4.4.209.214","article-title":"Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in commercial broilers and backyard chickens","volume":"4","author":"M Shoaib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0227725.ref045","first-page":"29","article-title":"BLEE en animales y su importancia en la transmisi\u00f3n a humanos","volume":"25","author":"C Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0227725.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00600-14","article-title":"Insects represent a link between food animal farms and the urban environment for antibiotic resistance traits","volume":"80","author":"L Zurek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0227725.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux053","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance","volume":"42","author":"J Bengtsson-Palme","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0227725.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-13","article-title":"Trends in Human Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in the Community: Toward the Globalization of CTX-M","volume":"26","author":"Paul-Louis Woerthera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0227725.ref049","first-page":"e00021","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Animal and Environmental Samples Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Northwestern Ecuador","volume":"1","author":"Nikolay P. Braykov","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0227725.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09643.x","article-title":"What drives bacteria to produce abiofilm?","volume":"236","author":"KK Jefferson","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01112-10","article-title":"Recent emergence of clonal group O25b:K1:H4-B2-ST131 ibeAstrains among Escherichia coli poultry isolates, including CTX-M-9-producing strains, and comparison with clinical human isolates","volume":"76","author":"A Mora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02421-09","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli strains from chicken and pig farms in Spain","volume":"76","author":"P Cortes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075392","article-title":"Comparative analysis of ESBL-positive Escherichia coli isolates from animals and humans from the UK, the Netherlands and Germany","volume":"8","author":"G Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq396","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli carrying extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (CTX-M and TEM-52) from broiler chickens and turkeys in Great Britain between 2006 and 2009","volume":"66","author":"LP Randall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"issue":"Issue 3","key":"pone.0227725.ref055","article-title":"Combatting antimicrobial resistance in Nepal: the need for precision surveillance programmes and multi-sectoral partnership","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Krishna Prasad Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance"},{"key":"pone.0227725.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000539","article-title":"Seasonality in carriage of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the general population: a pooled analysis of nationwide cross-sectional studies","volume":"148","author":"CCH Wielders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T17:48:41Z","timestamp":1590774521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227725"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wo\u017aniakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227725","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]}}}