{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:25:28Z","timestamp":1784309128949,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran","award":["OG\/9731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OG\/9731"]}]},{"name":"Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PI16CIII\/00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16CIII\/00024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T13:30:46Z","timestamp":1580995846000},"page":"e0228317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Southwestern Iran. A community survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abdollah","family":"Rafiei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raheleh","family":"Baghlaninezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela C.","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Bailo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez de Mingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-8553","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Carmena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmat","family":"Panabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8190-8349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Molouk","family":"Beiromvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref001","first-page":"83","article-title":"Genetic variation of Giardia lamblia isolates from food-handlers in Kashan, Central Iran","volume":"12","author":"H Hooshyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.08.034","article-title":"Genetic analysis of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from people in Northern Australia using PCR-based tools","volume":"36","author":"J Ebner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0228317.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks\u2014an update 2004\u20132010","volume":"45","author":"S Baldursson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks\u2014An update 2011\u20132016","volume":"114","author":"A Efstratiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228317.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030495","article-title":"Protozoan parasites in drinking water: a system approach for improved water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries","volume":"15","author":"A Omarova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.004","article-title":"Recent advances in the genomic and molecular biology of Giardia","volume":"184","author":"MG Ortega-Pierres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228317.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0533-8","article-title":"Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates among residents of slum area in Manila","volume":"101","author":"JA Yason","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philippines. Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"pone.0228317.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.001","article-title":"Zoonotic potential of Giardia","volume":"43","author":"U Ryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref009","article-title":"Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex","author":"SM Caccio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228317.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-09","article-title":"Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population","volume":"22","author":"D Stark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piw082","article-title":"Determinants and impact of Giardia infection in the first 2 Years of life in the MAL-ED birth cohort","volume":"6","author":"ET ogawski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1835-4","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in the Plateau Central and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso","volume":"9","author":"S Erismann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.02.017","article-title":"Prevalence and multilocus genotypes of Giardia duodenalis infecting pigs in Ogun state, Nigeria","volume":"70","author":"OA Akinkuotu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","article-title":"An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"E Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00149-1","article-title":"Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin","volume":"3","author":"PT Monis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Y Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0228317.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2010.06.005","article-title":"Giardia taxonomy, phylogeny and epidemiology: Facts and open questions","volume":"213","author":"J Plutzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref018","first-page":"70","article-title":"Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from Fars Province, Iran","volume":"9","author":"M Rayani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0228317.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5826-6","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children from Behbahan, southwestern Iran","volume":"117","author":"R Kasaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228317.ref020","first-page":"279","article-title":"Genotype analysis of Giardia lamblia isolated from children in ahvaz, southwest of iran","volume":"6","author":"A Rafiei","year":"2013","journal-title":"JJM"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref021","first-page":"75","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the Iranian isolates of Giardia lamblia: application of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene","volume":"37","author":"Z Babaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref022","unstructured":"Razmjou E, Hashemi-Hafshejani S, Meamar A, Akhlaghi L. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis reveals human-to-human transmission pattern in Tehran, Iran: ESCMID; 25 April 2017. https:\/\/www.escmid.org\/escmid_publications\/escmid_elibrary\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.01.004","article-title":"Dominance of Giardia assemblage B in Leon, Nicaragua","volume":"106","author":"M Lebbad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-346","article-title":"Molecular identification of zoonotic and livestock-specific Giardia-species in faecal samples of calves in Southern Germany","volume":"6","author":"J Gillhuber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vector"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.02.001","article-title":"Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP","volume":"4","author":"CM Read","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.022","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity at the beta-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic subgenotypes","volume":"35","author":"M Lalle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0228317.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"9","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.03.015","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis and genotype analysis of Giardia duodenalis in asymptomatic children from a rural area in central Colombia","volume":"32","author":"JD Ram\u00edrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref029","first-page":"1416","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of giardiasis in Iran","volume":"3","author":"H Taherkhani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104021","article-title":"Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in cattle, sheep and goats in an arid area of central Iran","volume":"75","author":"N Kiani-Salmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-012-0199-8","article-title":"Determination of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in sheep and goat from Iran","volume":"38","author":"H Jafari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref032","first-page":"44","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in municipal waste workers in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran","volume":"36","author":"S Mirzavand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228317.ref033","first-page":"522","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Giardia lamblia human genotypes in Fars Province, southern Iran","volume":"12","author":"M Rayani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00051-x","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in humans in the Andimeshk County, southwestern Iran","volume":"64","author":"E Mirrezaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228317.ref035","first-page":"219","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in tribal parts of Khuzestan Province during 2005\u201307","volume":"12","author":"G Mowlavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Govaresh"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228317.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.254939","article-title":"Status of intestinal parasitic infections among rural and urban populations, southwestern Iran","volume":"12","author":"M Beiromvand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.01.019","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in Iranian preschool and school children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"A Daryani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228317.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23462","DOI":"10.5812\/jjhs.23462","article-title":"Isolation and identification of parasitic protozoa in sampled water from the southwest of Iran","volume":"6","author":"A Rafiei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Health Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0228317.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt042","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts by IFA, PCR and LAMP in surface water from Rasht, Iran","volume":"107","author":"MR Mahmoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90096-3","article-title":"Classification of subgroups of Giardia lamblia based upon ribosomal RNA gene sequence using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"54","author":"JB Weiss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.09.028","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections","volume":"40","author":"RCA Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0228317.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159992","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159992","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among school children in a rural area of the Amhara region, North-West Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"A de Lucio","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228317.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2640-z","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. isolates in school children in Cubal, Western Angola","volume":"11","author":"E Dacal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228317.ref044","first-page":"366","article-title":"Genotyping of Giardia lamblia isolates from human in southern Iran","volume":"29","author":"B Sarkari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref045","first-page":"61","article-title":"Evaluattion of Giardia lamblia genetic differences in Khorramabad City and surrounding villages by use of PCR and sequencing","volume":"17","author":"A Akbarian","year":"2012","journal-title":"SJKUMS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228317.ref046","first-page":"389","article-title":"Investigation of possible correlation between Giardia duodenalis genotypes and clinical symptoms in southwest of Iran","volume":"8","author":"A Rafiei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228317.ref047","first-page":"541","article-title":"Incidence of Giardia lamblia subspecies by PCR-RFLP in stool specimens of hospitalized children at Urmia Mutahhari Hospital, West Azerbaijan Province","volume":"9","author":"K Hazrati Tappeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0228317.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2008.896.901","article-title":"Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from human and animal reservoirs by PCR-RFLP","volume":"8","author":"E Fallah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(89)90006-4","article-title":"Giardia intestinalis: Electrophoretic evidence fora species complex","volume":"19","author":"RH Andrews","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0228317.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2753-2","article-title":"Different risk factors for infection with Giardia lamblia assemblages A and B in children attending day-care centres","volume":"35","author":"R Pijnacker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.01.007","article-title":"Correlation of Giardia duodenalis assemblages with clinical and epidemiological data in Cuban children","volume":"23","author":"LJ Puebla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228317.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.04.003","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Ethiopia","volume":"102","author":"T Gelanew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0228317.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143981","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from symptomatic individuals attending two major public hospitals in Madrid, Spain","volume":"10","author":"A de Lucio","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0228317.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178575","article-title":"Molecular diversity and frequency of the diarrheagenic enteric protozoan Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in a hospital setting in Northern Spain","volume":"12","author":"JM Azcona-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.11.030","article-title":"Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages in symptomatic patients from Damascus city and its suburbs","volume":"47","author":"D Skhal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0228317.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt197","article-title":"Genome sequencing of Giardia lamblia genotypes A2 and B isolates (dh and gs) and comparative analysis with the genomes of genotypes A1 and E(WB and Pig)","volume":"5","author":"RD Adam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-65","article-title":"Allelic sequence heterozygosity in single Giardia parasites","volume":"12","author":"J Ankarklev","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0228317.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-206","article-title":"Clonal diversity of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in Giardia duodenalis from Thai isolates: evidence of genetic exchange or mixed infections?","volume":"11","author":"S Siripattanapipong","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:05:32Z","timestamp":1614297932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228317"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rodney D","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228317","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17504\/protocols.io.bapfidjn","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17504\/protocols.io.bapgidjw","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]}}}