{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:23:45Z","timestamp":1792621425982,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T13:45:37Z","timestamp":1580910337000},"page":"e0228770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of intestinal schistosomiasis infection among school-aged children in North-Western Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0746-3169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajabu Hussein","family":"Mnkugwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omary S.","family":"Minzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safari M.","family":"Kinung'hi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appolinary A.","family":"Kamuhabwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Aklillu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228770.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"AF Adenowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0228770.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991600","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution","volume":"136","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0228770.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-274","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"HD Mazigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"9674","key":"pone.0228770.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","article-title":"Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"373","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2904-2","article-title":"Coinfection of intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria and association with haemoglobin levels and nutritional status in school children in Mara region, Northwestern Tanzania: a cross-sectional exploratory study","volume":"10","author":"SM Kinung'hi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0228770.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0288-0","article-title":"The cross-cutting contribution of the end of neglected tropical diseases to the sustainable development goals","volume":"6","author":"M Bangert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0228770.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020336","article-title":"Rapid-impact interventions\": how a policy of integrated control for Africa's neglected tropical diseases could benefit the poor","volume":"2","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref010","unstructured":"Fiona Samuels and Romina Rodr\u00edguez Pose. Why neglected tropical diseases matter in reducing poverty, developmentprogress.org, July 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228770.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw022","article-title":"Worms at Work: Long-run Impacts of a Child Health Investment","volume":"131","author":"S Baird","year":"2016","journal-title":"The quarterly journal of economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228770.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000353","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000353","article-title":"Did the right to health get across the line? Examining the United Nations resolution on the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"2","author":"CE Brolan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ global health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0256-8","article-title":"Moving from control to elimination of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: time to change and adapt strategies","volume":"6","author":"LA Tchuem Tchuente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228770.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003618","article-title":"Helminth elimination in the pursuit of sustainable development goals: a \"worm index\" for human development","volume":"9","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref015","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001\u20132011, strategic plan 2012\u20132020","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref016","volume-title":"World malaria report","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0228770.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12374","article-title":"Malaria in school-age children in Africa: an increasingly important challenge","volume":"19","author":"J Nankabirwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref018","first-page":"2015","volume-title":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS)","author":"Ministry of Health CD, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0228770.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.06.007","article-title":"The role of residential location in apparent helminth and malaria associations","volume":"22","author":"M. Booth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-44","article-title":"Co-infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma mansoni and intestinal helminths among schoolchildren in endemic areas of northwestern Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"HD Mazigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.11.006","article-title":"Impacts of neglected tropical disease on incidence and progression of HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: scientific links","volume":"42","author":"GG Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-108","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium infections among schoolchildren in central Sudan one year after treatment with praziquantel","volume":"5","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0228770.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.008","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of two closely spaced doses of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni and re-infection patterns in school-aged children in Niger","volume":"128","author":"A Garba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref024","unstructured":"The Ministry of Health Community development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDEC). The United Republic of Tanzania. Uniting to combat Neglected Tropical Diseases; Mass treatment coverage for NTDs. United Republic of Tanzania and neglected tropical diseases. https:\/\/unitingtocombatntds.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Tanzania_eng.pdf: 2016."},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref025","volume-title":"Population and housing census","author":"National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref026","volume-title":"Assessing the efficacy of anthelminthic drugs against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref027","volume-title":"Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology","author":"WHO","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6890-11-5","article-title":"Hemoglobin estimation by the HemoCue(R) portable hemoglobin photometer in a resource poor setting","volume":"11","author":"B Nkrumah","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC clinical pathology"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref029","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. 2011."},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref030","volume-title":"WHO Anthroplus Software; Software for assessing Growth and Development of the World's Children and Adolescents","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-278","article-title":"High prevalence of schistosomiasis in Mbita and its adjacent islands of Lake Victoria, western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"MR Odiere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0612-5","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis and geohelminths of Ukara Island, North-Western Tanzania: prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors among school children","volume":"7","author":"M Mugono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-900","article-title":"Community perceptions, attitude, practices and treatment seeking behaviour for schistosomiasis in L. Victoria islands in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"N Kabatereine","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228770.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002784","article-title":"Low levels of awareness despite high prevalence of schistosomiasis among communities in Nyalenda informal settlement, Kisumu city, western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"GO Odhiambo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4767-9","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices on intestinal schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the Lake Victoria basin, Rorya District, north-western Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"DZ Munisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0228770.ref036","first-page":"65","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective","volume":"2014","author":"MT Inobaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research and reports in tropical medicine"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859737","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1859737","article-title":"Intestinal Schistosomiasis among Primary Schoolchildren in Two On-Shore Communities in Rorya District, Northwestern Tanzania: Prevalence, Intensity of Infection and Associated Risk Factors","volume":"2016","author":"DZ Munisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of parasitology research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2249-7","article-title":"High burden of Schistosoma mansoni infection in school-aged children in Marolambo District, Madagascar","volume":"10","author":"SA Spencer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0228770.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002991","article-title":"Risk factors and spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children in Mbita District, Western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"S Nagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0448-x","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel treatment regimens in pre-school and school aged children infected with schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"M Kabuyaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228770.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040125","article-title":"Artemether and Praziquantel: Origin, Mode of Action, Impact, and Suggested Application for Effective Control of Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"3","author":"R Bergquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tropical medicine and infectious disease"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-232","article-title":"Integrated prevalence mapping of schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and malaria in lakeside and island communities in Lake Victoria, Uganda","volume":"4","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0228770.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110789","article-title":"Malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth burden and their correlation with anemia in children attending primary schools in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"9","author":"JR Matangila","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0228770.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003234","article-title":"Impact of Schistosoma mansoni on malaria transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"ML Ndeffo Mbah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0228770.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091903","article-title":"Regulation of pathogenesis and immunity in helminth infections","volume":"206","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of experimental medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0228770.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.6.3531-3539.2005","article-title":"Impairment of protective immunity to blood-stage malaria by concurrent nematode infection","volume":"73","author":"Z Su","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"key":"pone.0228770.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264173","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/264173","article-title":"Schistosome: its benefit and harm in patients suffering from concomitant diseases","volume":"2011","author":"Y Osada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0228770.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167122","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni Infections, Undernutrition and Anaemia among Primary Schoolchildren in Two Onshore Villages in Rorya District, North-Western Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"DZ Munisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0228770.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033189","article-title":"Epidemiology of malaria, schistosomiasis, geohelminths, anemia and malnutrition in the context of a demographic surveillance system in northern Angola","volume":"7","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0228770.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086510","article-title":"Malaria and helminth co-infections in school and preschool children: a cross-sectional study in Magu district, north-western Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"SM Kinung'hi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0228770.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.06.007","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum and helminth coinfections among schoolchildren in relation to agro-ecosystems in Mvomero District, Tanzania","volume":"120","author":"LE Mboera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0228770.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006373","article-title":"Diet and hygiene practices influence morbidity in schoolchildren living in Schistosomiasis endemic areas along Lake Victoria in Kenya and Tanzania-A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"I Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228770","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T13:46:34Z","timestamp":1580910394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228770"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David Joseph","family":"Diemert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]}}}