{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T20:15:59Z","timestamp":1785701759766,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T14:40:27Z","timestamp":1582123227000},"page":"e0229303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3451-175X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Negasa Eshete","family":"Soboksa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirak Robele","family":"Gari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abebe Beyene","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bezatu Mengistie","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0229303.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. Water-related diseases. In: WHO Press [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 26 Mar 2019]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/diseases-risks\/diseases\/diarrhoea\/en\/"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12329","article-title":"Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low-and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries","volume":"19","author":"A Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref003","article-title":"Systematic review: Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: Systematic review and meta-regression","author":"J Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref004","first-page":"26","article-title":"Factors Associated with Acute Diarrhea among Children Aged 0\u201359 Months in Harar","volume":"2","author":"B Getachew","year":"2018","journal-title":"East African J Heal Biomed Sci"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i4.32","article-title":"Hygiene and sanitation risk factors of Diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"EO Oloruntoba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2018.1493193","article-title":"The Impact of Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation on Child Health: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia","volume":"55","author":"MA Usman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dev Stud"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea","author":"RI Ejemot-Nwadiaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01253-8","article-title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"L Fewtrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref009","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"B Mengistie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Household Water Chlorination Reduces Incidence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Rural Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.926","article-title":"Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda","volume":"73","author":"JR Lule","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.04.016980","article-title":"Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of flocculant disinfectant for drinking-water","volume":"84","author":"T Chiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Heal Organ"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.584","article-title":"Diarrhea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia","volume":"66","author":"RE Quick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref013","first-page":"424","article-title":"Suffering for water, suffering from water: Access to drinking-water and associated health risks in Cameroon","volume":"28","author":"HBN Yongsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Heal Popul Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x","article-title":"Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use","volume":"9","author":"J Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health. GeoScienceWorld"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of the relationship between bacteriological quality of dug-wells, hygiene behaviour and well characteristics in two cholera endemic localities in Douala, Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"JTK Akoachere","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref016","unstructured":"CDC. Water-related Diseases and Contaminants in Public Water Systems | Public Water Systems | Drinking Water | Healthy Water | CDC [Internet]. 2014 [cited 9 Feb 2017]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/drinking\/public\/water_diseases.html"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39118.489931.BE","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"334","author":"T Clasen","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref018","unstructured":"UNICEF Ethiopia. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). In: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) [Internet]. 2018 [cited 23 Apr 2019]. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/ethiopia\/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref019","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health. Implementation Programming Guideline for CLTSH January 2012. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2012."},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref020","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia]. Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2014."},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: a comparative cross- sectional study","volume":"38","author":"NE Soboksa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Heal Popul Nutr. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0274","article-title":"Microbiological Contamination of Drinking Water Associated with Subsequent Child Diarrhea","volume":"93","author":"SP Luby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref023","first-page":"69","article-title":"Association of water handling and child feeding practice with childhood diarrhoea in rural community of Southern Nepal","volume":"11","author":"D Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health. King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199684","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"A Alebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref025","unstructured":"Jimma Zonal Health Office. Disease prevention and control department annual report. Jimma; 2019."},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref026","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determinants of childhood diarrhea in Medebay Zana District, Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia: a community based unmatched case\u2013control study","volume":"18","author":"KF Asfaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr. BMC Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref027","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Addendum to Volume 1 \u2013Recommendations","author":"N Graham","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref028","unstructured":"APHA\/AWWA\/WEF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater: 20th edition. APHA. Washington, D.C. USA; 1999. ISBN 9780875532356"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrhoea and risk factors among children under five years old in Mbour, Senegal: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"S Thiam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty. Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/challe6020229","article-title":"Childhood Diarrhea Determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross Sectional Study of Tiko-Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"AB Tambe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Challenges"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2015.05.001","article-title":"Household wealth, residential status and the incidence of diarrhoea among children under-five years in Ghana","volume":"6","author":"A Kumi-kyereme","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health. Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00167223.2007.10801375","article-title":"Household environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea morbidity in the Tamale Metropolitan Area (TMA), Ghana","volume":"107","author":"IK Osumanu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Danish J Geogr"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try142","article-title":"Determinants of disposal of child faeces in latrines in urban slums of Odisha, India: A cross-sectional study","volume":"113","author":"F Majorin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24895","article-title":"Diarrhoea prevalence in children under five years of age in rural Burundi: an assessment of social and behavioural factors at the household level","volume":"7","author":"K Diouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20130103.12","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with acute diarrhea among children under five years of age in derashe district, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"W Godana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci J Public Heal"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2017.04.011","article-title":"Hand washing with soap and WASH educational intervention reduces under- fi ve childhood diarrhoea incidence in Jigjiga District, Eastern Ethiopia: A community-based cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"A Hashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med Reports. The Author(s)"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref037","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Preventing diarrhoea through better water, sanitation and hygiene: exposures and impacts in low- and middle-income countries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"Childhood diarrhea in high and low hotspot districts of Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling","author":"M Azage","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Heal Popul Nutr. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081665","article-title":"Diarrhoeal Disease in Relation to Possible Household Risk Factors in South African Villages","volume":"15","author":"T Kapwata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices, and Housing Quality to Prevent Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"SY Id","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181516","article-title":"Piped water supply interruptions and acute diarrhea among under-five children in Addis Ababa slums, Ethiopia: A matched case-control study","volume":"12","author":"M Adane","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.439","article-title":"Escherichia coli in household drinking water and diarrheal disease risk: Evidence from Cambodia","volume":"58","author":"JM Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref043","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for Drinkingwater Quality, First Addendum to the 3rd Edition [Internet]. World Health Organization (WHO). 2006."},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0802","article-title":"\u201cImproved\u201d but Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru","volume":"93","author":"K Heitzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with diarrhoeal diseases among children under five in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study 2016","volume":"18","author":"F Azry","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health. BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S159366","article-title":"Diarrheal status and associated factors in under five years old children in relation to implemented and unimplemented community-led total sanitation and hygiene in Yaya Gulele in 2017","volume":"Volume 9","author":"M Degebasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Heal Med Ther"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4271915","article-title":"Assessment of Diarrhea and Its Associated Factors in Under-Five Children among Open Defecation and Open Defecation-Free Rural Settings of Dangla District, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2018","author":"AM Ayalew","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health. Hindawi"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"Accounting for recent trends in the prevalence of diarrhoea in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): results from consecutive cross-sectional surveys","volume":"2","author":"JBO Emina","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref049","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrhea and associated factors among under-five children in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016: a cross-sectional study","author":"AB Dagnew","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref050","article-title":"The Effect of Handwashing at Recommended Times with Water Alone and With Soap on Child Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Study","volume":"8","author":"SP Luby","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004","article-title":"Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs","volume":"17","author":"G Kampf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref052","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental health factors associated with diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in the Sebeta town of Ethiopia","volume":"0053","author":"AI Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"South African J Infect Dis. Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"pone.0229303.ref053","first-page":"1","article-title":"Socio-economic, behavioral and environmental factors associated with diarrhea among under five children in health development and non-health development army member mothers in Wondogenet, south Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"FB Zedie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heal Educ Care"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T14:41:02Z","timestamp":1582123262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229303"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Russell","family":"Kabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]}}}