{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1768997774826,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000888","name":"W. M. Keck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T17:54:54Z","timestamp":1583862894000},"page":"e0229945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fractal solar panels: Optimizing aesthetic and electrical performances"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ellis T.","family":"Roe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-9175","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Bies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rick D.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Watterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Parris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cooper R.","family":"Boydston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Sereno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0229945.ref001","unstructured":"DOEOEERE. The Department of Energy\u2019s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/solarpoweringamerica\/solar-energy-united-states"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref002","unstructured":"WMSEIA. Wood Mackenzie\/SEIA. (2019). U.S. solar market insight."},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref003","unstructured":"Energy.CA.gov http:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/releases\/2018_releases\/2018-05-09_building_standards_adopted_nr.html"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref004","first-page":"73","article-title":"The relative importance of aesthetics in the adoption process of solar panels in the Netherlands","volume":"8","author":"A. Breukel","year":"2016","journal-title":"EESD"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Obscuring, Color Matching, Camouflaging Solar Panels","author":"M. Pilliod","year":"2018","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref006","unstructured":"R. Brendel, et al. \u201cRecent Progress and Options for Future Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells\u201d, Recent Progress and Options for Future Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. European PV Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (2013)."},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2013.01.030","article-title":"A wafer-based monocrystalline silicon photovoltaics road map: Utilizing known technology improvement opportunities for further reductions in manufacturing costs","volume":"114","author":"A. Goodrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref008","article-title":"Back side contact solar cell with doped polysilicon regions","author":"R.M. Swanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"US patent"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1101(67)90159-1","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of the series resistance of a solar cell","volume":"10","author":"R.J. Handy","year":"1967","journal-title":"Solid State Electronics"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(79)90122-1","article-title":"Optimization of multi-layer front contact grid patterns for solar-cells","volume":"23","author":"A. Flat","year":"1979","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref011","author":"M.A. Green","year":"1982"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.1125","article-title":"Ag requirements for silicon wafer-based solar cells","volume":"19","author":"M.A. Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref013","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Implications of Fractal Fluency for Biophilic Architecture","volume":"6","author":"R.P. Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Biourbanism"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref014","first-page":"117","article-title":"Biophilic fractals and the visual journey of organic Screen-savers. Journal of Non-linear Dynamics","volume":"12","author":"RP Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Life Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref015","author":"RS Ulrich","year":"1993"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674045231","volume-title":"Biophilia","author":"EO Wilson","year":"1984"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916581135001","article-title":"Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects","volume":"13","author":"RS Ulrich","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref018","first-page":"115","article-title":"Recovery from stress during exposure to everyday outdoor environments","volume":"17","author":"RS Ulrich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of EDRA"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref019","volume-title":"The Fractal Geometry of Nature","author":"BB Mandelbrot","year":"1982"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref020","volume-title":"The Fractal Geometry of the Brain","author":"Springer","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00060","article-title":"Perceptual and physiological responses to Jackson Pollock\u2019s fractals","volume":"5","author":"RP Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref022","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Implications of Fractal Fluency for Biophilic Architecture","volume":"6","author":"R.P. Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Biourbanism"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00210","article-title":"The Aesthetic Response to Exact Fractals Driven by Physical Complexity","volume":"10","author":"A Bies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1068\/p5918","article-title":"Investigation of EEG response to fractal patterns","volume":"37","author":"CM Hagerhall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human Physiological Benefits of Viewing Nature: EEG Response to Exact and Statistical Fractal Patterns. The Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and","volume":"19","author":"CM Hagerhall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2003.12.004","article-title":"Fractal dimension of landscape silhouette outlines as a predictor of landscape preference","volume":"24","author":"CM Hagerhall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.013","article-title":"The tuning of human visual cortex to variations in the 1\/f\u03b1 amplitude spectra and fractal properties of synthetic noise images","volume":"146","author":"Z. J. Isherwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.05.011","article-title":"Navigation performance in virtual environments varies with fractal dimension of landscape","volume":"47","author":"AW Juliani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of environmental psychology"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(03)00154-7","article-title":"Universal aesthetic of fractals","volume":"37","author":"B Spehar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chaos and Graphics"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref030","first-page":"865118","article-title":"Fractals in Art and Nature: Why Do We Like Them?","volume":"8651","author":"B Spehar","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPIE, special edition on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00350","article-title":"Taxonomy of Individual variations in aesthetic response to fractal patterns","volume":"10","author":"B Spehar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00514","article-title":"Beauty and the beholder: the role of visual sensitivity in visual preference","volume":"9","author":"B Spehar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00213","article-title":"A Complex Story: Universal Preference vs. Individual Differences Shaping Aesthetic Response to Fractals Patterns?","volume":"10","author":"N. Street","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0229945.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171289","article-title":"Seeing shapes in seemingly random spatial patterns: fractal analysis of Rorschach inkblots","volume":"12","author":"RP Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOSone"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref035","first-page":"117","article-title":"Biophilic fractals and the visual journey of organic Screen-savers. Journal of Non-linear Dynamics","volume":"12","author":"RP Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Life Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1162\/leon.2006.39.3.245","article-title":"Reduction of Physiological Stress Using Fractal Art and Architecture","volume":"39","author":"RP Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leonardo"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref037","first-page":"2008","article-title":"Work-related stress: Scientific evidence-base of risk factors, prevention and costs","volume":"3","author":"J-P Brun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Skinuto s mre\u017ee"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2017.01.007","article-title":"Shelter effects of porous multi-scale fractal fences","volume":"163","author":"S. McClure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0229945.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1109\/4.735545","article-title":"ractal capacitors","volume":"33","author":"H. Samavati","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06762-3","article-title":"Fractal Electrodes as a Generic Interface for Stimulating Neurons. Nature","volume":"7","author":"W.J. Watterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00277","article-title":"Modelling the Improved Visual Acuity Using Photodiode Based Retinal Implants Featuring Fractal Electrodes","volume":"12","author":"W.J. Watterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0229945.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1109\/TCS.1975.1084079","article-title":"The Modified Nodal Approach to Network Analysis","volume":"22","author":"H. Chung-Wen","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1984.21583","article-title":"Solar cell contact resistance\u2014A review,","volume":"31","author":"D.K. Schroder","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on electron devices,"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0229945.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365304","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/36\/365304","article-title":"Fractal electronic devices: Simulation and implementation","volume":"22","author":"M. S. Fairbanks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/p276","volume-title":"The Physics of Solar Cells","author":"J. Nelson","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1736034","article-title":"Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells","volume":"32","author":"W. Shockley","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physics"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0229945.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365304","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/36\/365304","article-title":"Fractal electronic devices: Simulation and implementation","volume":"22","author":"M. S. Fairbanks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental Rotation of Three-dimensional Objects","volume":"171","author":"R.N. Shepard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.07.021","article-title":"Understanding the role of visual appeal in consumer preference for residential solar panels","volume":"113","author":"Q. Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.12.013","article-title":"Rethinking the social acceptance of solar energy: Exploring \u201cstates of willingness\u201d in Finland","volume":"51","author":"M. A. Hai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Research & Social Science"},{"key":"pone.0229945.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.020","article-title":"Factors responsible for solar PV adoption at household level: A case of Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"78","author":"T. M. Qureshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229945","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T06:39:00Z","timestamp":1666075140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229945"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pooi See","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}}}