{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:50:44Z","timestamp":1789829444671,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T17:23:59Z","timestamp":1585589039000},"page":"e0230829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Association between exposure to air pollution and thalamus volume in adults: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dawson W.","family":"Hedges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance D.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8989-0964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shawn D.","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0230829.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.04.028","article-title":"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review","volume":"43","author":"RM Babadjouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of clinical neuroscience: official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.018","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and cognitive functioning across the life course\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"147","author":"A Clifford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.06.004","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: A systematic review of epidemiologic research","volume":"56","author":"MC Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0230829.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0056","article-title":"Association of Air Pollution Exposure With Psychotic Experiences During Adolescence","volume":"76","author":"JB Newbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.031","article-title":"Prefrontal white matter pathology in air pollution exposed Mexico City young urbanites and their potential impact on neurovascular unit dysfunction and the development of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"146","author":"L Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00495","article-title":"A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study Reveals Local Brain Structural Alterations Associated with Ambient Fine Particles in Older Women","volume":"10","author":"R Casanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0230829.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027009","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2152","article-title":"The Association of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution with Brain MRI Findings: The ARIC Study","volume":"126","author":"MC Power","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0230829.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24460","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: Evidence from women's health initiative memory study","volume":"78","author":"JC Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref009","article-title":"The Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain: a Review of Studies Interfacing Environmental Epidemiology and Neuroimaging","author":"P de Prado Bert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.06.005","article-title":"Association between exposure to air pollution and hippocampal volume in adults in the UK Biobank","volume":"74","author":"DW Hedges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0230829.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-151143","article-title":"Fine Particulate Matter, Residential Proximity to Major Roads, and Markers of Small Vessel Disease in a Memory Study Population","volume":"53","author":"EH Wilker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.10.009","article-title":"Subcortical volume analysis in traumatic brain injury: the importance of the fronto-striato-thalamic circuit in task switching","volume":"51","author":"I Leunissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0230829.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8236-7","article-title":"Volumetric and shape analyses of subcortical structures in United States service members with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"263","author":"DF Tate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00267-1","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction following thalamic stroke: a study of 16 cases and review of the literature","volume":"172","author":"D Karussis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00051","article-title":"Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Thalamus Volumes in Very Preterm Children at 8 Years: Neonatal Pain and Genetic Variation","volume":"13","author":"CMY Chau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.311105041","article-title":"Differential diagnosis for bilateral abnormalities of the basal ganglia and thalamus","volume":"31","author":"AN Hegde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0230829.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.008","article-title":"The Mediodorsal Thalamus: An Essential Partner of the Prefrontal Cortex for Cognition","volume":"83","author":"S Parnaudeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0230829.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10851","article-title":"Season, sex, age, and education as modifiers of the effects of outdoor air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study","volume":"116","author":"H Kan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0230829.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034","article-title":"Image processing and Quality Control for the first 10,000 brain imaging datasets from UK Biobank","volume":"166","author":"F Alfaro-Almagro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0230829.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393","article-title":"Multimodal population brain imaging in the UK Biobank prospective epidemiological study","volume":"19","author":"K Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0230829.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11195","DOI":"10.1021\/es301948k","article-title":"Development of Land Use Regression models for PM(2.5), PM(2.5) absorbance, PM(10) and PM(coarse) in 20 European study areas; results of the ESCAPE project","volume":"46","author":"M Eeftens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.02.037","article-title":"Development of NO2 and NOx land use regression models for estimating air pollution exposure in 36 study areas in Europe\u2014The ESCAPE project","volume":"72","author":"R Beelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0230829.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016","article-title":"Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A population-based perspective","volume":"11","author":"M Baumgart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0230829.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx155","article-title":"Contribution of Socioeconomic Status at 3 Life-Course Periods to Late-Life Memory Function and Decline: Early and Late Predictors of Dementia Risk","volume":"186","author":"J Marden","year":"2017","journal-title":"American journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0230829.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.011","article-title":"Insights into human behavior from lesions to the prefrontal cortex","volume":"83","author":"SM Szczepanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.374","article-title":"Road traffic air and noise pollution exposure assessment\u2014A review of tools and techniques","volume":"634","author":"J Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.11.008","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution","volume":"59","author":"LG Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0230829.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy300","article-title":"Age-Related Differences in Brain Morphology and the Modifiers in Middle-Aged and Older Adults","volume":"29","author":"L Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure","volume":"39","author":"AN Ruigrok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0230829.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900994","article-title":"A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"JE Clougherty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.189","article-title":"Relation of education to brain size in normal aging: implications for the reserve hypothesis","volume":"53","author":"CE Coffey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0230829.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318211c83c","article-title":"Relationship between education and dementia: an updated systematic review","volume":"25","author":"ES Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0230829.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511795745320","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in aging","volume":"8","author":"AM Tucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0230829.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001","article-title":"Differential aging of the brain: patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers","volume":"30","author":"N Raz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30568-6","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of outdoor air pollution exposure and cognitive function in UK Biobank","volume":"8","author":"B Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.009","article-title":"PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 co-exposure impairs neurobehavior and induces mitochondrial injuries in the mouse brain","volume":"163","author":"T Ku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.09.004","article-title":"Components of air pollution and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in Los Angeles","volume":"40","author":"NM Gatto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0511-5","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and hospitalization for dementia in the Rome longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"F Cerza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0230829.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408322","article-title":"Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Dementia Incidence in Northern Sweden: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"124","author":"A Oudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0230829.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.683","article-title":"Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women","volume":"172","author":"J Weuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0230829.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2294-5","article-title":"MRI and neuropathological validations of the involvement of air pollutants in cortical selective neuronal loss","volume":"21","author":"S Ejaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0230829.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.12.001","article-title":"Neurological impacts from inhalation of pollutants and the nose-brain connection","volume":"33","author":"RG Lucchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.01.065","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis disease distribution and potential impact of environmental air pollutants in Georgia","volume":"396","author":"AC Gregory","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000067108","article-title":"Ambient air quality and occurrence of multiple sclerosis relapse","volume":"22","author":"M Oikonen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00827","article-title":"Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Stroke Mortality","volume":"9","author":"R Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0230829.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L79","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00048.2007","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure induces persistent lung inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"295","author":"E Tamagawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0230829.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01715-1","article-title":"Particulate air pollution induces progression of atherosclerosis","volume":"39","author":"T Suwa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0230829.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Y Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"37","key":"pone.0230829.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809474115","article-title":"The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance","volume":"115","author":"X Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"pone.0230829.ref051","volume-title":"Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health","author":"WHO","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T17:24:30Z","timestamp":1585589070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230829"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Larcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230829","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]}}}