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The rate of antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacterales isolates to major antimicrobials, including carbapenems, is much higher in Vietnam than in Western countries, but the reasons remain unknown due to the lack of genomic epidemiology research. A previous study suggested that carbapenem resistance genes, such as the carbapenemase gene <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>, spread via plasmids among Enterobacterales in Vietnam. In this study, we characterized <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-carrying plasmids in Enterobacterales isolated in Vietnam, and identified several possible cases of horizontal transfer of plasmids both within and among species of bacteria. Twenty-five carbapenem-nonsusceptible isolates from a medical institution in Hanoi were sequenced on Illumina short-read sequencers, and 13 <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-positive isolates, including isolates of <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>, were further sequenced on an Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencer to obtain complete plasmid sequences. Almost identical 73 kb IncFII(pSE11)::IncN hybrid plasmids carrying <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> were found in a <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mirabilis<\/jats:italic> isolate and an <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morganii<\/jats:italic> isolate. A 112 kb IncFII(pRSB107)::IncN hybrid plasmid carrying <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> in an <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> isolate had partially identical sequences with a 39 kb IncR plasmid carrying <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> and an 88 kb IncFII(pHN7A8)::IncN hybrid plasmid in a <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>freundii<\/jats:italic> isolate. 148\u2013149 kb IncFIA(Hl1)::IncA\/C2 plasmids and 75\u201376 kb IncFII(Yp) plasmids, both carrying <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> were shared among three sequence type 11 (ST11) isolates and three ST395 isolates of <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Most of the plasmids co-carried genes conferring resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobials, including third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, in addition to <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>. These results provide insight into the genetic basis of CRE in Vietnam, and could help control nosocomial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T17:33:15Z","timestamp":1627493595000},"page":"e0231119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Plasmid analysis of NDM metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales isolated in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aki","family":"Hirabayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Yahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Mitsuhashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-3839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"So","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1182-9127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tadashi","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Thi Thu","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An Van","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-9150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Son Thai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keigo","family":"Shibayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-2193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masato","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0231119.ref001","first-page":"ofy150","volume-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","author":"A Martin","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0231119.ref002","first-page":"1319","volume-title":"Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology","author":"PP Kohler","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0231119.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05035-11","article-title":"Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: an evolving crisis of global dimensions","volume":"25","author":"LS Tzouvelekis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0231119.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2570-y","article-title":"Dissemination of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates with various combinations of Carbapenemases (KPC-2, NDM-1, NDM-4, and OXA-48) and 16S rRNA Methylases (RmtB and RmtC) in Vietnam","volume":"17","author":"T Tada","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0231119.ref005","first-page":"1383","article-title":"BlaNDM-1-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae from environment, Vietnam","author":"R Isozumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0231119.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2345-6","article-title":"Common isolation of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a large surgical hospital in Vietnam","volume":"34","author":"HH Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0231119.ref007","first-page":"e00115","article-title":"NDM metallo-\u03b2-lactamases and their bacterial producers in health care settings","author":"W Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 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