{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:09:01Z","timestamp":1789085341127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11170395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11170395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007328","name":"Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3738-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3738-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T20:34:48Z","timestamp":1587501288000},"page":"e0231558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development and evidence of validity of the HIV risk perception scale for young adults in a Hispanic-American context"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Patricio","family":"Mena-Chamorro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5407-3158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ferrer-Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldy","family":"Sep\u00falveda-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Gutierrez-Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyara","family":"Lagos-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Daldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0231558.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proyecto de Estrategia Mundial del sector de la Salud contra las Infecciones de Transmisi\u00f3n Sexual para 2016\u20132021"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0231558.ref002","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anxiety, Depression and Perception of the Quality of Life in the Patient with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"6","author":"A Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mexican Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2016.1146404","article-title":"Illness perception and quality of life of HIV-positive persons: mediation effects of tenacious and flexible goal pursuit","volume":"22","author":"C Catunda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology, health & medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.946386","article-title":"Improvements in depression and changes in quality of life among HIV-infected adults","volume":"27","author":"A Bengtson","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182019000200221","article-title":"Informe: Situaci\u00f3n epidemiol\u00f3gica de las infecciones de transmisi\u00f3n sexual en Chile, 2017","volume":"36","author":"K C\u00e1ceres-Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista chilena de infectolog\u00eda"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref006","unstructured":"Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica. Bolet\u00edn vigilancia de laboratorio. \u201cResultados confirmaci\u00f3n de infecciones por VIH en Chile, 2010\u20132015\u201d. 2016 p. 11. Available from: http:\/\/www.ispch.cl\/sites\/default\/files\/BoletinVIH-15112017A.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0231558.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2082","article-title":"HIV Incidence, Prevalence, and Undiagnosed Infections in U.S. Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"168","author":"S Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4067\/s0716-10182017000400419","article-title":"La prevenci\u00f3n olvidada: reemergencia del VIH en Chile","volume":"34","author":"V Stuardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista chilena de infectolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0231558.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1635-z","article-title":"Contribution of anal sex to HIV prevalence among heterosexuals: a modeling analysis","volume":"21","author":"A O\u2019leary","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref010","volume-title":"Anal sex and the risk of HIV transmission","author":"R Pebody","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0231558.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X12451277","article-title":"Examining the concept of choice in sexual health interventions for young people","volume":"46","author":"G Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Youth & Society"},{"issue":"99","key":"pone.0231558.ref012","first-page":"800","article-title":"Scale of risk behaviors, associated with STI \/ HIV- AIDS, for young Chileans","volume":"60","author":"R Ferrer-Urbina","year":"2018","journal-title":"The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0231558.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00132","article-title":"Personality and sexual risk taking: A quantitative review","volume":"68","author":"R Hoyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of personality"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref014","volume-title":"Psychology of risk perception","author":"L Napper","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1363\/3219206","article-title":"Relationship between HIV risk perception and condom use: Evidence from a population-based survey in Mozambique","volume":"32","author":"N Prata","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Family Planning Perspectives"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0231558.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0482-8","article-title":"Do behavioral scientists really understand HIV-related sexual risk behavior? A systematic review of longitudinal and experimental studies predicting sexual behavior","volume":"44","author":"D Huebner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of sexual behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000194593.58251.8d","article-title":"Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection in men who have sex with men related to knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: Dutch MSM-Cohort Study","volume":"33","author":"E Van der Snoek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0862-4","article-title":"HIV testing behaviors and perceptions of risk of HIV infection among MSM with main partners","volume":"19","author":"R Stephenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/236240","article-title":"HIV risk perception, sexual behavior, and HIV prevalence among men-who-have-sex-with-men at a community-based voluntary counseling and testing center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"2014","author":"K Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200407","article-title":"The health belief model and personal health behavior","volume":"2","author":"M Becker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Health education monographs"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1193-3_2","volume-title":"Preventing AIDS: Theories Boston","author":"I Rosenstock","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref022","first-page":"120","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors of \"safer sex\" behaviors in young adults","volume":"4","author":"K Basen-Engquist","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803","article-title":"A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1","volume":"91","author":"R Rogers","year":"1975","journal-title":"The journal of psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120410001641011","article-title":"Accurate and inaccurate HIV transmission beliefs, stigmatizing and HIV protection motivation in northern Thailand","volume":"16","author":"H Boer","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759209376276","article-title":"Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model","volume":"59","author":"K Witte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Communications Monographs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref026","first-page":"169","article-title":"Learning AIDS in Singapore: Examining the effectiveness of HIV\/AIDS efficacy messages for adolescents using ICTs","volume":"2","author":"A Chib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowledge Management &E-Learning: An International Journal"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref027","unstructured":"Shiferaw A (dir). Response to HIV\/AIDS Prevention Messages: Based on the Extended Parallel Process Model, among Bahir Dar University Students, North West [Doctoral tesis]. [Ehiopia]: Addis Abeba Universty, 2004 [cited 24 de January de 2020]. Recovery from http:\/\/213.55.95.56\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/4250\/Amsalu%20Shiferaw.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819001700107","article-title":"Towards an understanding of risk behavior: An AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM)","volume":"17","author":"J Catania","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health education quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0231558.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.13.6.548","article-title":"A test of the AIDS risk reduction model: psychosocial correlates of condom use in the AMEN cohort survey","volume":"13","author":"J Catania","year":"1994","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.26.2.146","article-title":"Risk perceptions: assessment and relationship to influenza vaccination","volume":"26","author":"N Weinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2017.1348554","article-title":"Factors associated with HIV risk perception among people who inject drugs: Findings from a cross-sectional behavioral survey in Kermanshah, Iran","volume":"23","author":"B Armoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-017-9634-7","article-title":"HIV risk perception and risky behavior among people who inject drugs in Kermanshah, Western Iran","volume":"24","author":"M Noroozi","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of behavioral medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0202","article-title":"HIV risk perception and preexposure prophylaxis interest among a heterosexual population visiting a sexually transmitted infection clinic","volume":"26","author":"T Khawcharoenporn","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS patient care and STDs"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref034","first-page":"294","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional assessments of perceived risk for HIV among unmarried heterosexuals","volume":"8","author":"M Dolcini","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0300-3","article-title":"Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement: A predictive validity perspective","volume":"40","author":"A Diamantopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref036","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/074355489493003","article-title":"AIDS-Related items for developing an AIDS questionnaire for children and adolescents","volume":"9","author":"F Paniagua","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9029-7","article-title":"Decisional balance, perceived risk and HIV testing practices","volume":"10","author":"J Lauby","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0231558.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.543880","article-title":"Developing scales to measure perceived HIV risk and vulnerability among Ethiopian women testing for HIV","volume":"23","author":"H Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0003-2","article-title":"Development of the perceived risk of HIV scale","volume":"16","author":"L. Napper","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref041","volume-title":"Test adaptation activities across languages and cultures","author":"J Vazquez","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref042","unstructured":"Cohen Y, Gafni N, Hanani P. Translating and adapting a test, yet another source of variance; the standard error of translation. In Annual meeting of the IAEA. Baku: Azerbaijan; 2007, September."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref043","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Un sistema de clasificaci\u00f3n de los dise\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n en psicolog\u00eda","volume":"29","author":"M Ato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4256\/mio.2010.0019","article-title":"Time-Space Sampling and Respondent-Driven Sampling with Hard-to-Reach Populations","volume":"5","author":"S Semaan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0231558.ref045","first-page":"213","article-title":"Street and network sampling in evaluation studies of HIV risk-reduction interventions","volume":"4","author":"S Semaan","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0231558.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114555994","article-title":"Cronbach\u2019s coefficient alpha: Well-known but poorly understood","volume":"18","author":"E Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008204","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling","volume":"16","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref048","volume-title":"Technical appendix","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.934850","article-title":"Using Exploratory Factor Analysis to Determine the Dimensionality of Discrete Responses","volume":"22","author":"M Barendse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2016.06.006","article-title":"Update to core reporting practices in structural equation modeling","volume":"13","author":"J Schreiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref051","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"pone.0231558.ref052","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Medici\u00f3n en ciencias sociales y de la salud","author":"F Abad","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026802","article-title":"Bayesian structural equation modeling: A more flexible representation of substantive theory","volume":"17","author":"B Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0231558.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2018.1562928","article-title":"A Comparison of CFA, ESEM, and BSEM in Test Structure Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref055","first-page":"755","article-title":"A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability","volume":"33","author":"C Viladrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0231558.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance","volume":"14","author":"F Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.08.016","article-title":"AIDS health beliefs and intention for sexual abstinence among male adolescent students in Kathmandu, Nepal: A test of perceived severity and susceptibility","volume":"121","author":"S Iriyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2859-6","article-title":"Actual sexual risk and perceived risk of HIV acquisition among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Toronto, Canada","volume":"16","author":"M Kesler","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4593-0","article-title":"Accuracy and determinants of perceived HIV risk among young women in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"B Maughan-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0231558.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.03.005","article-title":"Risky sexual behavior and substance use among adolescents: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"T Ritchwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Children and youth services review"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235212","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T20:36:49Z","timestamp":1587501409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231558"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Bauermeister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231558","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235212","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]}}}