{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:20:23Z","timestamp":1793514023920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004616","name":"Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T17:43:14Z","timestamp":1587663794000},"page":"e0232032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Digital divide, skills and perceptions on digitalisation in the European Union\u2014Towards a smart labour market"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria Denisa","family":"Vasilescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Claudia","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina Cristina","family":"Dimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-8445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mirela Ionela","family":"Aceleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xose","family":"Picatoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0232032.ref001","volume-title":"The fourth industrial revolution","author":"K. Schwab","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref002","unstructured":"World Economic Forum, \"The Future of Jobs\", 2016, http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_FOJ_Executive_Summary_Jobs.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232032.ref003","first-page":"107","article-title":"Digital Economy As A Research Object: A Literature Review","author":"V. E. Zaistev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Voprosy Gosudarstvennogo I Munitsipalnogo Upravleniya-Public Administration"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref004","unstructured":"OECD. (2014). Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/gov\/digital-government\/Recommendation-digital-government-strategies.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref005","unstructured":"European Commission, \"European Commission Digital Strategy A digitally transformed, user-focused and data-driven Commission,\" [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/strategy\/decision-making_process\/documents\/ec_digitalstrategy_en.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref006","unstructured":"B. Waters, \"Innovation Trends Report 2019\", Stanford University, January 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/alchemistaccelerator.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/InnovationTrendsReport2019.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232032.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.171","article-title":"Any thing for anyone? A new digital divide in internet-of-things skills","volume":"10","author":"A.J.A.M. Van Deursen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Policy and Internet"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD, \u201cUnderstanding the Digital Divide\u201d, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 49, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2001, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/236405667766","DOI":"10.1787\/236405667766"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref009","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Digital Enlightenment Yearbook 2012","author":"J.A.G.M. Van Dijk","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0232032.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2015.1069770","article-title":"Towards a multifaceted model of internet access to understand digital divides: An empirical investigation","volume":"31","author":"A.J.A.M. Van Deursen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Society"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref011","unstructured":"M. Negreiro, \"Bridging the digital divide in the EU.\" EPRS-European Parliamentary Research Service, ENPE 573.884, Briefing, December 2015, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2015\/573884\/EPRS_BRI(2015)573884_EN.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199661992.001.0001","volume-title":"Society and the Internet. How Networks of Information and Communication are Changing Our Lives","author":"M. Graham","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref013","article-title":"Digital inequalities in the Internet of Things: differences in attitudes, material access, skills, and usage","author":"A. J. A. M. van Deursen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0232032.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050707000058","article-title":"Two centuries of productivity growth in computing","volume":"67","author":"W. D. Nordhaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic History"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref015","unstructured":"Fortunly.com., \"GIG Economy Statistics: The New Normal in the Workplace\", 2019, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/fortunly.com\/statistics\/gig-economy-statistics"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref016","volume-title":"What is globalization?","author":"U. Beck","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Degryse, \"Digitalisation of the economy and its impact on labour market\", Working Paper 2016.02, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016 [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/297392058_Digitalisation_of_the_Economy_and_its_Impact_on_Labour_Markets","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2730550"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref018","volume-title":"Eurofound","author":"E.F. Mac\u00edas","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref019","unstructured":"Cedefop, \"Machines, robots, people and skills, Briefing Note no. 9121\", 2017, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.cedefop.europa.eu\/en\/publications-and-resources\/publications\/9121"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref020","unstructured":"Cedefop, \"Insights into skill shortages and skill mismatch: learning from Cedefop\u2019s European skills and jobs survey\", Luxembourg: Publications Office. Cedefop reference series; No 106, 2018, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2801\/645011"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232032.ref021","first-page":"3","article-title":"Labour Job Digitalization: Myths And Realities, Scientific Bulletin\u2013Economic Sciences","volume":"17","author":"E. Kolokytha","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Pouliakas, \"Determinants of Automation Risk in the EU Labour Market: A Skills-Needs Approach,\" Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Discussion Papers 11829, 2018.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3253487"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref023","volume-title":"The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation","author":"C. Frey","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref024","unstructured":"Eurofound, \"ICT-enabled flexible working\u2013All plain sailing?\", 2019, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.eurofound.europa.eu\/ro\/publications\/blog\/ict-enabled-flexible-working-all-plain-sailing"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref025","volume-title":"CESifo Forum Journal, No.4","author":"M. Blix","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.8.2509","article-title":"Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-biased Technological Change and Offshoring","volume":"104","author":"M. Goos","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2016.08.019","article-title":"The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization?","volume":"114","author":"C.B. Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref028","article-title":"The computerisation of European jobs","author":"J. Bowles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bruegel Blog"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref029","unstructured":"M. Arntz, T. Gregory and U. Zierahn, \"The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis\". OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 189, 2016."},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Arntz, T. Gregory and U. Zierahn, \"Digitalization and the Future of Work: Macroeconomic Consequences\", Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Discussion Papers No. 12428, 2019, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp12428.pdf","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57365-6_11-1"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref031","unstructured":"Cedefop, Eurofound, \"Skills forecast: trends and challenges to 2030\", Luxembourg: Publications Office. Cedefop reference series; No 108., 2018, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2801\/4492"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232032.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5771\/0935-9915-2017-3-298","article-title":"How Big is the Gig? Assessing the Preliminary Evidence on the Effects of Digitalization on the Labor Market","volume":"28","author":"W. Eichhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Management Revue"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref033","volume-title":"The deepening Divide: Inequality in the information society","author":"J.A.G.M. Van Dijk","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232032.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1515\/jbnst-2017-0151","article-title":"Economy 4.0-Digitalisation and Its Effect on Wage Inequality","volume":"239","author":"A. Monnig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref035","unstructured":"World Economic Forum, \"The future of jobs: employment, skills and the workforce strategy for the fourth industrial revolution\" Geneva, 2016, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Future_of_Jobs.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232032.ref036","first-page":"47","article-title":"Smart work: The transformation of the labour market due to the fourth industrial revolution (I4.0)","volume":"10","author":"B. Eberhard","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232032.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.17323\/2500-2597.2019.2.84.96","article-title":"The Risks of Digitalization and the Adaptation of Regional Labor Markets in Russia","volume":"13","author":"S. Zemtsov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foresight And Sti Governance"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0232032.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su10061998","article-title":"Who Uses Smart City Services and What to Make of It: Toward Interdisciplinary Smart Cities Research","volume":"10","author":"M.D. Lytras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref039","unstructured":"European Economic and Social Committee, \"Impact of digitalisation and the on-demand economy on labour markets and the consequences for employment and industrial relations\", 2017, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.eesc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/docs\/qe-02-17-763-en-n.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref040","unstructured":"Eurobarometer 87.1. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/dbk.gesis.org\/dbksearch\/download.asp?db=E&id=62977"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref041","unstructured":"European Parliament, \"Eurobarometer. The EP and the expectations of European citizens\", [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/at-your-service\/en\/be-heard\/eurobarometer"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref042","unstructured":"European Commission, \"Special Eurobarometer 460, Report: Attitudes towards the impact of digitisation and automation on daily life\", 2017, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commfrontoffice\/publicopinion\/index.cfm\/ResultDoc\/download\/DocumentKy\/78998"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref043","unstructured":"IMD World Competitiveness Center, \"IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2019\", https:\/\/www.imd.org\/wcc\/world-competitiveness-center-rankings\/world-digital-competitiveness-rankings-2019\/"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref044","unstructured":"IBM Knowledge Center, https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/support\/knowledgecenter\/en\/SSLVMB_24.0.0\/spss\/base\/idh_twostep_main.html"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref045","volume-title":"(Arbeitsund Diskussionspapiere \/ Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Soziologie, 2004\u20132)","author":"J. Bacher","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232032.ref046","first-page":"66","article-title":"Applying TwoStep Cluster Analysis for Identifying Bank Customer's Profile","volume":"62","author":"D. Schiopu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economic Insights -\u2010Trends and Challenges"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0232032.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090430","article-title":"Decomposition of the Inequality of Income Distribution by Income Types\u2014Application for Romania","volume":"19","author":"T. Andrei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref048","unstructured":"K. Moussa, \"Introduction to Econometrics\", MPRA Paper No. 66840, 2015."},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref049","volume-title":"Econometrics","author":"F. Hayashi","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232032.ref050","first-page":"253","article-title":"Aging and Economic Competitiveness in the Core of \u201cNorth Euro-zone","volume":"27","author":"G. C. Dimian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inzinerine Ekonomika, Engineering Economics"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref051","unstructured":"IBM Knowledge Center. \u201cTwoStep Cluster Analysis.\u201d https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/support\/knowledgecenter\/SSLVMB_sub\/statistics_mainhelp_ddita\/spss\/base\/idh_twostep_main.html"},{"key":"pone.0232032.ref052","unstructured":"Eurostat, Official Statistics of European Union, European Commission, https:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?dataset=nama_10_gdp&lang=en"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T04:27:52Z","timestamp":1666412872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232032"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Monfort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]}}}