{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1791389119326,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T13:37:52Z","timestamp":1588858672000},"page":"e0232223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Hausa 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12): Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation in mixed urban\u00a0and rural\u00a0Nigerian populations with chronic low back pain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-1639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aminu Alhassan","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukadas Oyeniran","family":"Akindele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sokunbi Oluwaleke","family":"Ganiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Kaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir Bello","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surajo Kamilu","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Fatoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10137","key":"pone.0232223.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"J Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10053","key":"pone.0232223.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Global Burden of Disease","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.012","article-title":"The impact of chronic low back pain on older adults: a comparative study of patients and controls","volume":"131","author":"TE Rudy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232223.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.12.001","article-title":"Prevention and management of chronic back pain","volume":"24","author":"SS Weiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0232223.ref005","first-page":"646","article-title":"Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"81","author":"AD Woolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1340-13-13","article-title":"The epidemiology of low back pain in primary care","volume":"13","author":"PM Kent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chiropr Osteopat"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0232223.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.10.002","article-title":"The Epidemiology of low back pain","volume":"24","author":"D Hoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref008","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"332","author":"BW Koes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0232223.ref009","first-page":"14","article-title":"Chronic low back pain: pain intensity, disability and quality of life","volume":"26","author":"T Stefane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paulista de Enfermagem"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000107235.47465.08","article-title":"Correlation between pain, disability, and quality of life in patients with common low back pain","volume":"29","author":"FM Kovacs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0232223.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000154623.20778.f0","article-title":"Predicting health-related quality of life in patients with low back pain","volume":"30","author":"YS Horng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2014.8.3.346","article-title":"How does chronic back pain influence quality of life in koreans: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"YS Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref013","volume-title":"Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures","author":"A Montazeri","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.4081\/hpr.2013.932","article-title":"Quality of Life in Chronic Disease Patients","volume":"1","author":"K Megari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470024522","volume-title":"Quality of life: the assessment, analysis and interpretation of patient-reported outcomes","author":"PM Fayers","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref016","volume-title":"Measuring disease: a review of disease-specific quality of life measurement scales","author":"A Bowling","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0232223.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.6.307","article-title":"Guide to outcomes measurement for patients with low back pain syndromes","volume":"33","author":"L Resnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref018","volume-title":"SF-36 physical and mental summary scales: a user\u2019s manual","author":"J Ware","year":"1994"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"J Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0232223.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00109-7","article-title":"Cross-validation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in nine countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment","volume":"51","author":"B Gandek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0232223.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000083169.58671.96","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the short form 12-item survey (SF-12) in patients with back pain","volume":"28","author":"X Luo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0232223.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80093-X","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"SK Gandhi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0232223.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.12.1380","article-title":"Generic measures of health-related quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsiveness","volume":"41","author":"KL Haywood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0232223.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01124-7","article-title":"Validity of the SF-12 quality of life instrument in patients with retinal diseases","volume":"109","author":"DR Globe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-6-11","article-title":"Comparing the SF-12 and SF-36 health status questionnaires in patients with and without obesity","volume":"6","author":"CC Wee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0232223.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200011000-00008","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the SF-12 health survey among people with severe mental illness","volume":"38","author":"MP Salyers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790100613","article-title":"Cultural diversity issues in the development of valid and reliable measures of health status","volume":"10","author":"J Gonzalez-Calvo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0232223.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90142-N","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of health related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines","volume":"46","author":"F Guillemin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0232223.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00434949","article-title":"International quality of life assessment (IQOLA) project","volume":"1","author":"N Aaronson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232223.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-0704-3","article-title":"Is the standard SF-12 health survey valid and equivalent for a Chinese population?","volume":"14","author":"CL Lam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/135952201317080715","article-title":"Subjective health status assessment: Evaluation of the Italian version of the SF-12 health survey. Results from the MiOS Project","volume":"6","author":"G Kodraliu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Biostat"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-55","article-title":"Validity of SF-12 summary scores in a Greek general population","volume":"5","author":"N Kontodimopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-341","article-title":"The Iranian version of 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12): factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity","volume":"9","author":"A Montazeri","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0232223.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0641-8","article-title":"Measuring health-related quality of life: psychometric evaluation of the Tunisian version of the SF-12 health survey","volume":"23","author":"M Younsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref036","first-page":"166","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of the 12-Item Short-Form survey instrument in a Moroccan representative Survey","volume":"28","author":"M Obtel","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr J Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref037","volume-title":"\"V\u00e4rldens 100 st\u00f6rsta spr\u00e5k 2007\" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007","author":"Nationalencyklopedin","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0232223.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0683-z","article-title":"Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the English \"Short form SF 12v2\" into Bengali in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"15","author":"N Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300008710","article-title":"Evaluating translations of health status questionnaires: methods from the IQOLA Project","volume":"11","author":"JE Ware","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0232223.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1092","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003068","article-title":"Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Hausa Version of the Oswestry Disability Index 2.1 a for Patients With Low Back Pain","volume":"44","author":"AS Adamu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0232223.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","article-title":"Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires","volume":"60","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref042","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"BM Byrne","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0232223.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref044","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"D Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron J Bus Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref045","volume-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics","author":"LS Tabachnick BG Fidell","year":"2007","edition":"5"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232223.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1387859","article-title":"Testing factorial invariance with unbalanced samples","volume":"25","author":"M Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"DL Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0232223.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redee.2014.09.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the e-service quality in service encounters with incidents: Differences according to the socio-demographic profile of the online consumer","volume":"23","author":"RB Barrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista Europea de Direcci\u00f3n Y Econom\u00eda de La Empresa"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0232223.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0203483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203483","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the SF-12 among different demographic groups: The HELIUS study","volume":"13","author":"H Galenkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0232223.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref053","volume-title":"Applied Statistics for the Behavioural Sciences","author":"DE Hinkle","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5020022","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the medical outcomes study short form-12 version 2 (SF-12v2) in adults with non-cancer pain","volume":"5","author":"CJ Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref055","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008809610703","article-title":"Comparison of the EQ-5D and SF-12 in an adult US sample","volume":"7","author":"JA Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200001000-00013","article-title":"Comparison of the EQ-5D and SF-12 health surveys in a general population survey in Alberta, Canada","volume":"38","author":"JA Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0232223.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring agreement in method comparison studies","volume":"8","author":"JM Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2015049005874","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review","volume":"49","author":"RD Meucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0232223.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026409226544","article-title":"Use of the 12-item short-form (SF-12) Health Survey in an Australian heart and stroke population","volume":"8","author":"LL Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref061","volume-title":"How to score version 2 of the SF-12 HEALTH Survey","author":"JE Ware","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref062","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Jf Hair","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0232223.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985772","volume-title":"Scaling Procedures","author":"RG Netemeyer","year":"2003"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0232223.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III-75","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200307001-00009","article-title":"Demographic variation in SF-12 scores: true differences or differential item functioning?","volume":"41","author":"JA Fleishman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0232223.ref065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential item functioning (DIF) of SF-12 and Q-LES-Q-SF items among french substance users","volume":"13","author":"S Bourion-Be\u00c2d\u00e8s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0232223.ref066","first-page":"414","article-title":"Applicability of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"TL Andrade","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0232223.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.012","article-title":"Current challenges in clinimetrics","volume":"56","author":"HC de Vet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232223","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T13:38:24Z","timestamp":1588858704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232223"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232223","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]}}}