{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:08:42Z","timestamp":1784214522455,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T13:37:31Z","timestamp":1601300251000},"page":"e0232649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Patterns of acquired HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and predictors of virological failure in Moshi, Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-6400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shabani Ramadhani","family":"Mziray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Happiness H.","family":"Kumburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellen B.","family":"Assey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolbert B.","family":"Sonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Mahande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sia E.","family":"Msuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ireen E.","family":"Kiwelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0232649.ref001","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS Data 2019. Geneva, Switzerland; 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2019-UNAIDS-data_en.pdf%0Aaidsinfo.unaids.org."},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001417","article-title":"Improved quality of life with immediate versus deferred initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection","volume":"31","author":"AR Lifson","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref003","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). Political declaration on HIV and AIDS: On the fast-track to accelerate the fight against HIV and to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. United Nations General Assembly; 2016."},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. HIV drug resistance report 2019. Geneva, Switzerland; 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/drugresistance\/hivdr-report-2019\/en\/"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw218","article-title":"Accumulation of HIV-1 drug resistance after continued virological failure on first-line ART in adults and children in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"71","author":"TS Boender","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00536-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of WHO recommended first-line regimens for adult HIV-1 infection: a multicentre retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Tenores S group","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref007","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Programme. National guidelines for the management of HIV and AIDS. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; 2019."},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref008","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Programme. National guidelines for the management of HIV and AIDS. 6th ed. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and the Children. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; 2017."},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref009","volume-title":"Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz272","article-title":"Pre-treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in the era of tenofovir and routine viral load monitoring","volume":"74","author":"G Barabona","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw051","article-title":"HIV virological failure and drug resistance in a cohort of Tanzanian HIV-infected adults","volume":"71","author":"C Hawkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0367","article-title":"Prevalence of drug resistance mutations and HIV type 1 subtypes in an HIV Type 1-infected cohort in rural Tanzania","volume":"29","author":"P Masimba","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","article-title":"How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research?","volume":"35","author":"J Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06689-11","article-title":"Automating HIV drug resistance genotyping with RECall, a freely accessible sequence analysis tool","volume":"50","author":"CK Woods","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti607","article-title":"An automated genotyping system for analysis of HIV-1 and other microbial sequences","volume":"21","author":"T De Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1995.11.1413","article-title":"A computer program designed to screen rapidly for HIV type 1 intersubtype recombinant sequences","volume":"11","author":"AC Siepel","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","article-title":"RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies","volume":"30","author":"A Stamatakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl529","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation","volume":"23","author":"I Letunic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref019","first-page":"111","article-title":"2019 update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1","volume":"27","author":"AM Wensing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.08.031","article-title":"HIV-1 drug resistance and resistance testing","volume":"46","author":"DS Clutter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu051","article-title":"Dolutegravir in antiretroviral-experienced patients with raltegravir- and\/or elvitegravir-resistant HIV-1: 24-week results of the phase III VIKING-3 study","volume":"210","author":"A Castagna","year":"2014","journal-title":"JID"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1086\/378281","article-title":"Broad nucleoside reverse\u2010transcriptase inhibitor cross\u2010resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clinical isolates","volume":"188","author":"JM Whitcomb","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1086\/381784","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of the magnitude of response to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment in antiretroviral\u2010experienced patients","volume":"189","author":"MD Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref024","first-page":"11","article-title":"Experiences and impact of stigma and discrimination among people on antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam: A qualitative perspective","volume":"2016","author":"M Mhode","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0348","article-title":"Patient-nominated, community-based HIV treatment supporters: Patient perspectives, feasibility, challenges, and factors for success in HIV-infected South African adults","volume":"27","author":"MM Duwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31827a2a7a","article-title":"Risk of virological failure and drug resistance during first and second-line antiretroviral therapy in a 10-year cohort in Senegal: Results from the ANRS 1215 cohort","volume":"62","author":"P De Beaudrap","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref027","first-page":"3","article-title":"Immuno-haematologic and virologic responses and predictors of virologic failure in HIV-1 infected adults on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon","author":"HD Meriki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis poverty"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116144","article-title":"Factors associated with virological failure and suppression after enhanced adherence counselling, in children, adolescents and adults on antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Swaziland","volume":"10","author":"K Jobanputra","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref029","first-page":"11","article-title":"HIV-1 virologic failure and acquired drug resistance among first-line antiretroviral experienced adults at a rural HIV clinic in coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study","author":"AS Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-15076108121","article-title":"Factors associated with virologic failure amongst adults on antiretroviral therapy in Nyanza region, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"RKA Sang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref031","first-page":"21","article-title":"Drug resistance mutations after the first 12 months on antiretroviral therapy and determinants of virological failure in Rwanda","author":"J d. A Ndahimana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref032","first-page":"17","article-title":"Factors associated with virological non-suppression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda, August 2014-July 2015","author":"L Bulage","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S139516","article-title":"Determinants of virological failure among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a case\u2013control study","volume":"9","author":"B Bayu","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS\u2014Res Palliat care"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0068","article-title":"Health care transition for youth living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"128","author":"N Dowshen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181bfe8d2","article-title":"Overload: The impact of incident stressful events on antiretroviral medication adherence and virologic failure in a longitudinal, multi-site HIV cohort study","volume":"71","author":"MJ Mugavero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.011","article-title":"Mortality and virological failure among HIV-infected people who inject drugs on antiretroviral treatment in China: An observational cohort study","volume":"170","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref037","volume-title":"Understanding viruses","author":"T Shors","year":"2017","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1086\/428588","article-title":"Predictors of residual viremia in HIV\u2010infected patients successfully treated with efavirenz and lamivudine plus either tenofovir or stavudine","volume":"191","author":"D V Havlir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.06.009","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a once-daily single-tablet regimen of tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz assessed at 144 weeks among antiretroviral-na\u00efve and experienced HIV-1-infected Thai adults","volume":"61","author":"A Avihingsanon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0804-221","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of nucleoside\/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with efavirenz: results of a systematic overview","volume":"8","author":"JA Bartlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.2.191","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tenofovir df vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial","volume":"292","author":"JE Gallant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000245886.51262.67","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz versus fixed-dose zidovudine\/lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: Virologic, immunologic, and morphologic changes\u2014a 96-week analysis","volume":"43","author":"AL Pozniak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64459","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064459","article-title":"Comparison of tenofovir, zidovudine, or stavudine as part of first-line antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited-setting: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"K Velen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601812010038","article-title":"Treatment outcome and adverse events of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate based regimens as compared to zidovudine based regimens among people living with HIV\/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"12","author":"AT Kefale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"key":"pone.0232649.ref045","volume-title":"Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendatios for a public health approach","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T09:38:18Z","timestamp":1617529098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232649"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Blackard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232649","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.21.052902","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]}}}