{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:03:49Z","timestamp":1787061829384,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRPU20-3657\/R&D\/HEC\/14\/704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRPU20-3657\/R&D\/HEC\/14\/704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004457","name":"The World Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-363 RG\/REN\/AS_C \u2013 FR3240305796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-363 RG\/REN\/AS_C \u2013 FR3240305796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T13:48:28Z","timestamp":1596635308000},"page":"e0233325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of diversified antibiotic resistant bacteria within sanitation related facilities of human populated workplaces in Abbottabad"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6546-3311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik Owais Ullah","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulcin","family":"Akca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iftikhar","family":"Zeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal AZ","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafiq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Maroof","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-969X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rashid","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0233325.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.01.016","article-title":"Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: A review","volume":"91","author":"C Bouki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(08)70573-2","article-title":"Recent developments of antibiotic research and classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure","volume":"18","author":"J B\u00e9ahdy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-123","article-title":"Q&A: Antibiotic resistance: where does it come from and what can we do about it?","volume":"8","author":"GD Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00203","article-title":"Acquired antibiotic resistance genes: An overview","volume":"2","author":"AH Van Hoek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"J Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.75","article-title":"Prediction of antibiotic resistance: Time for a new preclinical paradigm?","volume":"15","author":"MO Sommer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.09.001","article-title":"Persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria","volume":"6","author":"DI Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x","article-title":"Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms","volume":"43","author":"T Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051053","article-title":"An inducible fusaric acid tripartite efflux pump contributes to the fusaric acid resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"7","author":"R Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11981","article-title":"Mining microbial metatranscriptomes for expression of antibiotic resistance genes under natural conditions","volume":"5","author":"D Versluis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3380","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"13","author":"JM Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1086\/524891","article-title":"The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: A call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"46","author":"B Spellberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.073","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in cultivable multidrug-resistant bacteria from livestock manure","volume":"229","author":"Q Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-016-0010","article-title":"Multicopy plasmids potentiate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria","volume":"1","author":"A San Millan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6496(03)00164-8","article-title":"Occurrence of integron-associated resistance gene cassettes located on antibiotic resistance plasmids isolated from a wastewater treatment plant","volume":"45","author":"T Tennstedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2312","article-title":"Call of the wild: Antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments","volume":"8","author":"HK Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00135","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00135-19","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance gene diversity and virulence gene diversity are correlated in human gut and environmental microbiomes","volume":"4","author":"P Escudeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00009","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: a combination of virulence with antibiotic resistance","volume":"3","author":"J Pitout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1533","article-title":"Human and avian extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: infections, zoonotic risks, and antibiotic resistance trends","volume":"10","author":"M Mellata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01573","article-title":"Microorganisms in confined habitats: microbial monitoring and control of intensive care units, operating rooms, cleanrooms and the International Space Station","volume":"7","author":"M Mora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microbial biogeography of a university campus","volume":"3","author":"AA Ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.180708","article-title":"Case investigations of infectious diseases occurring in workplaces, United States, 2006\u20132015","volume":"25","author":"CP Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0100-4","article-title":"Inhibition of mushroom formation and induction of glycerol release\u2014Ecological strategies of Burkholderia terrae BS001 to create a hospitable niche at the fungus Lyophyllum sp. Strain Karsten","volume":"65","author":"R Nazir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12676","article-title":"Antagonism against fish pathogens by cellular components and verification of probiotic properties in autochthonous bacteria isolated from the gut of an Indian major carp, Catla catla (Hamilton)","volume":"47","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15660-7","article-title":"Fungal networks serve as novel ecological routes for enrichment and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes as exhibited by microcosm experiments","volume":"7","author":"R Nazir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.080","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in manure of piglets and adult pigs fed on different diets","volume":"229","author":"XM Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/35021219","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance","volume":"406","author":"C Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01228-07","article-title":"16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls","volume":"45","author":"JM Janda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08970.x","article-title":"Plasmid curing from an acidophilic bacterium of the genus Acidocella","volume":"183","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.028233-0","article-title":"Detection of 140 clinically relevant antibiotic- resistance genes in the plasmid metagenome of wastewater treatment plant bacteria showing reduced susceptibility to selected antibiotics","volume":"155","author":"R Szczepanowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70317-1","article-title":"The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"13","author":"EM Wellington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref032","first-page":"123","article-title":"Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments","volume":"18","author":"F Baquero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-25","article-title":"Sex-and age-specific trends in antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli urinary isolates from outpatients","volume":"14","author":"JC Mcgregor","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-19","article-title":"Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000\u20132009)","volume":"13","author":"I Linhares","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2707-z","article-title":"Overall low extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance but high azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 24 European countries, 2015","volume":"17","author":"MJ Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"F Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10191","article-title":"Elevated risk of carrying gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli among US poultry workers","volume":"115","author":"LB Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref038","first-page":"286","article-title":"Biological agents as occupational hazards\u2013selected issues","volume":"18","author":"J Dutkiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.055236","article-title":"Herb\u2013drug interactions: challenges and opportunities for improved predictions","volume":"42","author":"SJ Brantley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7159.652","article-title":"The epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in hospital acquired infections: problems and possible solutions","volume":"317","author":"MJ Struelens","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0114-0","article-title":"Pseudomonas putida bacteremia in adult patients: five case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Y Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.06.003","article-title":"Toxin profile, antibiotic resistance, and phenotypic and molecular characterization of Bacillus cereus in Sunsik","volume":"32","author":"J Chon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00464-2","article-title":"In vitro resistance of Bacillus anthracis Sterne to doxycycline, macrolides and quinolones","volume":"18","author":"I Brook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki139","article-title":"Brevundimonas diminuta infections and its resistance to fluoroquinolones","volume":"55","author":"XY Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1419116","article-title":"Brevundimonas spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens","volume":"9","author":"MP Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00893","article-title":"Update on infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with particular attention to resistance mechanisms and therapeutic options","volume":"6","author":"Y Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00658","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"6","author":"MB S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01532-1","article-title":"Persistence and reversal of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"AJ Lopatkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00991-08","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmids from Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and characterization of the resulting daughter strain, L. reuteri DSM 17938","volume":"74","author":"A Rosander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref050","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Biodiversity conservation in changing climate","author":"Z Hassan","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0233325.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126239","article-title":"Chromium resistant microbes and melatonin reduced Cr uptake and toxicity, improved physio-biochemical traits and yield of wheat in contaminated soil","volume":"250","author":"MF Seleiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T05:15:56Z","timestamp":1696482956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233325"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233325","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.05.05.078485","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]}}}