{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:02:16Z","timestamp":1781506936514,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research council of Norway","award":["Project number 262757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project number 262757"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T18:22:14Z","timestamp":1589826134000},"page":"e0233440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sexual norms and the intention to use healthcare services related to female genital cutting: A qualitative study among Somali and Sudanese women in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-9114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mai Mahgoub","family":"Ziyada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger-Lise","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Elise B.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0233440.ref001","volume-title":"Migration and health in the European Union","author":"B Rechel","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9873","key":"pone.0233440.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62086-8","article-title":"Migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe","volume":"381","author":"B Rechel","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3109\/13814788.2010.525632","article-title":"Migrant participation in Norwegian health care. A qualitative study using key informants","volume":"17","author":"UG Sm\u00e5land Goth","year":"2011","journal-title":"The European journal of general practice"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref004","first-page":"63","article-title":"4. Migrants\u2019 Consumption of Healthcare Services in Norway: Inclusionary and Exclusionary Structures and Practices","author":"J Debesay","journal-title":"Inclusive Consumption"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0233440.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1054\/midw.2002.0307","article-title":"A study of Swedish midwives' encounters with infibulated African women in Sweden","volume":"18","author":"C Widmark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0713-9","article-title":"Addressing female genital mutilation in Europe: a scoping review of approaches to participation, prevention, protection, and provision of services","volume":"17","author":"H Baillot","year":"2018","journal-title":"International journal for equity in health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0233440.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027452","article-title":"Seeking culturally safe care: a qualitative systematic review of the healthcare experiences of women and girls who have undergone female genital mutilation\/cutting","volume":"9","author":"C Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0233440.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr07310","article-title":"Improving care for women and girls who have undergone female genital mutilation\/cutting: qualitative systematic reviews","volume":"7","author":"C Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Services and Delivery Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0233440.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1239838","article-title":"Undoing female genital cutting: perceptions and experiences of infibulation, defibulation and virginity among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway","volume":"19","author":"REB Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Culture, health & sexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009846","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009846","article-title":"A qualitative study exploring how Somali women exposed to female genital mutilation experience and perceive antenatal and intrapartum care in England","volume":"6","author":"JM Moxey","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki120","article-title":"Female genital mutilation in the context of migration: experience of African women with the Swiss health care system","volume":"15","author":"C Thierfelder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref012","first-page":"w13137","article-title":"Care of women with female genital mutilation\/cutting","volume":"140","author":"J Abdulcadir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss medical weekly"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref013","volume-title":"Female genital mutilation\/cutting: a global concern","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0233440.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2016.1234597","article-title":"Estimates of first-generation women and girls with female genital mutilation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland","volume":"21","author":"L Van Baelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2794-6","article-title":"Estimating the magnitude of female genital mutilation\/cutting in Norway: an extrapolation model","volume":"16","author":"MM Ziyada","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref016","unstructured":"The World Health Organization. Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement-OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. 2008."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0233440.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006316","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006316","article-title":"Effects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"RC Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref018","first-page":"542859","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation\/cutting","volume":"2014","author":"RC Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0233440.ref019","article-title":"Psychological, social and sexual consequences of female genital","author":"RC Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Report from Kunnskapssenteret"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0233440.ref020","first-page":"479","article-title":"The risk of medical complications after female circumcision","volume":"69","author":"M Dirie","year":"1992","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0233440.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq126","article-title":"Epidermal clitoral inclusion cysts: not a rare complication of female genital mutilation","volume":"25","author":"AA Rouzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0233440.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2307\/3583468","article-title":"Urogenital complications among girls with genital mutilation: a hospital-based study in Khartoum","volume":"9","author":"L Almroth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"issue":"9525","key":"pone.0233440.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68805-3","article-title":"Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries","volume":"367","author":"WHO Study group on female genital mutilation obstetric outcome","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0233440.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.114.047944","article-title":"Mental health problems associated with female genital mutilation","volume":"39","author":"J Knipscheer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJPsych bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1757-0","article-title":"Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations","volume":"18","author":"A K\u00f6bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0233440.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.531318","article-title":"Female circumcision: obstetrical and psychological sequelae continues unabated in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"R Chibber","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0233440.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2013.771148","article-title":"Coping and chronic psychosocial consequences of female genital mutilation in The Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"E Vloeberghs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethnicity & health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-011-0048-z","article-title":"Does female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C) affect women\u2019s sexual functioning? A systematic review of the sexual consequences of FGM\/C","volume":"9","author":"RC Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sexuality research and social policy"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2016.07.002","article-title":"Effect of female genital mutilation\/cutting on sexual functions","volume":"10","author":"M-H Biglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0233440.ref030","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Sexual function, mental well-being and quality of life among Kurdish circumcised women in Iran","volume":"46","author":"F Daneshkhah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian journal of public health"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref031","author":"E Vloeberghs","year":"2010","journal-title":"\u2018Veiled pain. A study in the Netherlands on the psychological, social and relational consequences of female genital mutilation\u2019is a publication by Pharos\u2013Dutch National Knowledge and Advisory Centre on Refugees and Migrants' Health"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref032","article-title":"It is a problem and it is not a problem: dilemmatic talk of the psychological effects of female genital cutting","author":"N Parikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of health psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0233440.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12060","article-title":"Crossing borders: discussing the evidence relating to the mental health needs of women exposed to female genital mutilation","volume":"23","author":"P Mulongo","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of mental health nursing"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadu F. Ain't I a woman too? Challenging myths of sexual dysfunction in circumcised women,\u201d in Transcultural Bodies: Female Genital Cutting in Global Context, Y Hernlund and B Shell-Duncan, Eds. 2007:278\u2013310.","DOI":"10.36019\/9780813541389-014"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0233440.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330802523741","article-title":"\u201cNever my daughters\u201d: A qualitative study regarding attitude change toward female genital cutting among Ethiopian and Eritrean families in Sweden","volume":"30","author":"S Johnsdotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3033-x","article-title":"Health sector involvement in the management of female genital mutilation\/cutting in 30 countries","volume":"18","author":"REB Johansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000224613.72892.77","article-title":"Defibulation to treat female genital cutting: effect on symptoms and sexual function","volume":"108","author":"NM Nour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0233440.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00616.x","article-title":"Surgical techniques: defibulation of Type III female genital cutting","volume":"4","author":"C Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref039","volume-title":"WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0233440.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2013.04.008","article-title":"Management of type III female genital mutilation in Birmingham, UK: a retrospective audit","volume":"30","author":"P Paliwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref041","article-title":"A systematic review of the evidence on clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation\/cutting","author":"J Abdulcadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12737","article-title":"Clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation\/cutting: case studies","volume":"12","author":"J Abdulcadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"9837","key":"pone.0233440.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60400-0","article-title":"Reconstructive surgery after female genital mutilation: a prospective cohort study","volume":"380","author":"P Foldes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0233440.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2018.1510980","article-title":"\u2018I want what every other woman has\u2019: reasons for wanting clitoral reconstructive surgery after female genital cutting\u2013a qualitative study from Sweden","volume":"21","author":"M Jordal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Culture, health & sexuality"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0233440.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.023","article-title":"Sexual anatomy and function in women with and without genital mutilation: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"J Abdulcadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref046","volume-title":"Eur J Public Health","author":"S Alexander","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref047","volume-title":"Gynecological complaints and management of women subjected to female genital mutilation-A descriptive study among women attending a university hospital in Norway","author":"S Tvenge","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0287-4","article-title":"Virility, pleasure and female genital mutilation\/cutting. A qualitative study of perceptions and experiences of medicalized defibulation among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway","volume":"14","author":"REB Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproductive health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0233440.ref049","first-page":"231","article-title":"Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model","volume":"70","author":"DE Montano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health behavior: Theory, research and practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0233440.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01542219","article-title":"Sexual scripts: Permanence and change","volume":"15","author":"W Simon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Archives of sexual behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0233440.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative research in psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0233440.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498909551521","article-title":"The sexual experience and marital adjustment of genitally circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan","volume":"26","author":"H Lightfoot\u2010Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of sex research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0233440.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1300\/J056v02n02_06","article-title":"Rites of purification and their effects: Some psychological aspects of female genital circumcision and infibulation (Pharaonic circumcision) in an Afro-Arab Islamic society (Sudan)","volume":"2","author":"H Lightfoot-Klein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0233440.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1336745","article-title":"Regulation and resistance: Negotiation of premarital sexuality in the context of migrant and refugee women","volume":"55","author":"AJ Hawkey","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0233440.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2015.1008966","article-title":"Sexual health care, sexual behaviors and functioning, and female genital cutting: Perspectives from Somali women living in the United States","volume":"53","author":"JJ Connor","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0233440.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/14681990701724758","article-title":"When sex becomes a duty","volume":"23","author":"B Traeen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sexual and Relationship Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0233440.ref057","volume-title":"The Medicalization of Gender and Sexuality: Women's Responses to\" Female Sexual Dysfunction\": The Graduate School","author":"A Braksmajer","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T02:57:51Z","timestamp":1615777071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233440"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"N\u00fcl\u00fcfer","family":"Erbil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}}}