{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:54:20Z","timestamp":1777467260613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["1099279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1099279"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["1099279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1099279"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["Career Development Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Development Fellowship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003354","name":"Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003354","name":"Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant in Aid Supplementation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant in Aid Supplementation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003354","name":"Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant in Aid Supplementation to KLS and JMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant in Aid Supplementation to KLS and JMA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Research Training Program Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Training Program Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T18:17:26Z","timestamp":1592504246000},"page":"e0234306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Moraxella catarrhalis phase-variable loci show differences in expression during conditions relevant to disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-1051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aimee","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke V.","family":"Blakeway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuedong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9958-5699","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaoqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Atack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"Peak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Seib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0234306.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.12.2674-2680.1990","article-title":"Respiratory tract carrier rates of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in adults and children and interpretation of the isolation of M. catarrhalis from sputum","volume":"28","author":"M Vaneechoutte","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1086\/599375","article-title":"Moraxella catarrhalis, a human respiratory tract pathogen","volume":"49","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036226","article-title":"Burden of disease caused by otitis media: systematic review and global estimates","volume":"7","author":"L Monasta","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0234306.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510400708","article-title":"Onset of otitis media in the first eight weeks of life in aboriginal and non-aboriginal Australian infants","volume":"104","author":"JB Boswell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0234306.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200009000-00034","article-title":"Recurrent and persistent otitis media","volume":"19","author":"ME Pichichero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00020.x","article-title":"Ear health of aboriginal primary school children in the Eastern Goldfields Region of Western Australia","volume":"16","author":"DS Watson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-32","article-title":"Absent otoacoustic emissions predict otitis media in young Aboriginal children: a birth cohort study in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in an arid zone of Western Australia","volume":"8","author":"D Lehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref008","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death (Fact sheet No. 310) 2012 [updated May 2014]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs310\/en\/."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0234306.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201518","article-title":"Long-term natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: severe exacerbations and mortality","volume":"67","author":"S Suissa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4_suppl","key":"pone.0234306.ref010","first-page":"S76","volume":"156","author":"MM Pettigrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Panel 6: Vaccines. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234306.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200412-1747OC","article-title":"Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: burden of disease and immune response","volume":"172","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0234306.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1356951","article-title":"A Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine to protect against otitis media and exacerbations of COPD: An update on current progress and challenges","volume":"13","author":"AC Perez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.40.110405.090442","article-title":"Bacterial contingency loci: the role of simple sequence DNA repeats in bacterial adaptation","volume":"40","author":"R Moxon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref014","article-title":"Virulence determinants of Moraxella catarrhalis: distribution and considerations for vaccine development","author":"LV Blakeway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234306.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1588-1596.2006","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Moraxella catarrhalis in vitro: roles of the UspA1 adhesin and the Hag hemagglutinin","volume":"74","author":"MM Pearson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0234306.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.5.1364-1373.2000","article-title":"The UspA1 protein and a second type of UspA2 protein mediate adherence of Moraxella catarrhalis to human epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"182","author":"ER Lafontaine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0234306.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.7.3113-3119.1998","article-title":"Phenotypic effect of isogenic uspA1 and uspA2 mutations on Moraxella catarrhalis 035E","volume":"66","author":"C Aebi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0234306.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1086\/432759","article-title":"The respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis adheres to epithelial cells by interacting with fibronectin through ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2","volume":"192","author":"TT Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1086\/505581","article-title":"The respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis binds to laminin via ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2","volume":"194","author":"TT Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0234306.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.5.1540-1551.2001","article-title":"Expression of the Moraxella catarrhalis UspA1 protein undergoes phase variation and is regulated at the transcriptional level","volume":"183","author":"ER Lafontaine","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0234306.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7840","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01204-06","article-title":"A conserved tetranucleotide repeat is necessary for wild-type expression of the Moraxella catarrhalis UspA2 protein","volume":"188","author":"AS Attia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0234306.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4523-4533.2002","article-title":"A hag mutant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E is deficient in hemagglutination, autoagglutination, and immunoglobulin D-binding activities","volume":"70","author":"MM Pearson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0234306.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.7.2285-2295.2003","article-title":"The Moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin D-binding protein MID has conserved sequences and is regulated by a mechanism corresponding to phase variation","volume":"185","author":"A Mollenkvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0234306.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy680","article-title":"Persistence of Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and regulation of the Hag\/MID adhesin","volume":"219","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00609-06","article-title":"A UspA2H-negative variant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O46E has a deletion in a homopolymeric nucleotide repeat common to uspA2H genes","volume":"75","author":"W Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234306.ref026","first-page":"159","article-title":"Phase variable restriction-modification systems in Moraxella catarrhalis","volume":"32","author":"KL Seib","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0234306.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-256578","article-title":"ModM DNA methyltransferase methylome analysis reveals a potential role for Moraxella catarrhalis phasevarions in otitis media","volume":"28","author":"LV Blakeway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Faseb j"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1660-y","article-title":"The Moraxella catarrhalis phase-variable DNA methyltransferase ModM3 is an epigenetic regulator that affects bacterial survival in an in vivo model of otitis media","volume":"19","author":"LV Blakeway","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref029","article-title":"Moraxella catarrhalis restriction-modification systems are associated with phylogenetic lineage and disease","author":"LV Blakeway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03678.x","article-title":"Experimentally revised repertoire of putative contingency loci in Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58: evidence for a novel mechanism of phase variation","volume":"50","author":"P Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02000.x","article-title":"Repeat-associated phase variable genes in the complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58","volume":"37","author":"NJ Saunders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0234306.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-8-2321","article-title":"Comparative whole-genome analyses reveal over 100 putative phase-variable genes in the pathogenic Neisseria spp","volume":"147","author":"LAS Snyder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0234306.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6685-6690.2000","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms of phase variation of PorA in Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"68","author":"A van der Ende","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234306.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00416.x","article-title":"Variable expression of the Opc outer membrane protein in Neisseria meningitidis is caused by size variation of a promoter containing poly-cytidine","volume":"13","author":"J Sarkari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00633.x","article-title":"Phase variation in meningococcal lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes","volume":"34","author":"AW Berrington","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000400","article-title":"Phasevarions mediate random switching of gene expression in pathogenic Neisseria","volume":"5","author":"YN Srikhanta","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0234306.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-183590","article-title":"A novel epigenetic regulator associated with the hypervirulent Neisseria meningitidis clonal complex 41\/44","volume":"25","author":"KL Seib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Faseb j"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234306.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.11.006","article-title":"Simple sequence repeats in Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"9","author":"PM Power","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234306.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090505","article-title":"Selection for phase variation of LOS biosynthetic genes frequently occurs in progression of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection from the nasopharynx to the middle ear of human patients","volume":"9","author":"KL Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0234306.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit240","article-title":"Analysis of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae phase-variable genes during experimental human nasopharyngeal colonization","volume":"208","author":"J Poole","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0234306.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11121","article-title":"DNA repeats identify novel virulence genes in Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"93","author":"DW Hood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv103","article-title":"Selection and counterselection of Hia expression reveals a key role for phase-variable expression of Hia in infection caused by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"212","author":"JM Atack","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234306.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.3.1077","article-title":"Variation in expression of the Haemophilus influenzae HMW adhesins: a prokaryotic system reminiscent of eukaryotes","volume":"96","author":"S Dawid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0234306.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501169102","article-title":"The phasevarion: a genetic system controlling coordinated, random switching of expression of multiple genes","volume":"102","author":"YN Srikhanta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0234306.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl568","article-title":"High allelic diversity in the methyltransferase gene of a phase variable type III restriction-modification system has implications for the fitness of Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"34","author":"CD Bayliss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01701.x","article-title":"The length of a tetranucleotide repeat tract in Haemophilus influenzae determines the phase variation rate of a gene with homology to type III DNA methyltransferases","volume":"35","author":"X De Bolle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0234306.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm571","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae phasevarions have evolved from type III DNA restriction systems into epigenetic regulators of gene expression","volume":"35","author":"KL Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref048","first-page":"586","article-title":"The capricious nature of bacterial pathogens: Phasevarions and vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"A Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref049","article-title":"Phase-variable bacterial loci: how bacteria gamble to maximise fitness in changing environments","author":"ZN Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005557","article-title":"Molecular basis of ligand-dependent regulation of NadR, the transcriptional repressor of meningococcal virulence factor NadA","volume":"12","author":"A Liguori","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0234306.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406805102","article-title":"Microsatellite instability regulates transcription factor binding and gene expression","volume":"102","author":"P Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0234306.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000710","article-title":"A novel phase variation mechanism in the meningococcus driven by a ligand-responsive repressor and differential spacing of distal promoter elements","volume":"5","author":"MM Metruccio","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0234306.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00121-10","article-title":"Genome analysis of Moraxella catarrhalis strain BBH18, [corrected] a human respiratory tract pathogen","volume":"192","author":"SP de Vries","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0234306.ref054","article-title":"Complete genome assembly of a quality control reference isolate, Moraxella catarrhalis strain ATCC 25240","volume":"2","author":"HE Daligault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0234306.ref055","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Moraxella catarrhalis strain CCRI-195ME, isolated from the middle ear","volume":"5","author":"A Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0234306.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky192","article-title":"A survey of Type III restriction-modification systems reveals numerous, novel epigenetic regulators controlling phase-variable regulons; phasevarions","volume":"46","author":"JM Atack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0234306.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data","volume":"28","author":"M Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0234306.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011147","article-title":"progressiveMauve: multiple genome alignment with gene gain, loss and rearrangement","volume":"5","author":"AE Darling","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9202-7_6","article-title":"Screening DNA repeat tracts of phase variable genes by fragment analysis","volume":"1969","author":"FE Jen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234306.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39374-0","article-title":"Moraxella catarrhalis NucM is an entry nuclease involved in extracellular DNA and RNA degradation, cell competence and biofilm scaffolding","volume":"9","author":"A Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5418","key":"pone.0234306.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"JW Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234306.ref062","first-page":"185","article-title":"The role of biofilms in otolaryngologic infections. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &","volume":"12","author":"JC Post","year":"2004","journal-title":"Head and Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0018-2015","article-title":"Adhesins involved in attachment to abiotic surfaces by Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"3","author":"C Berne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology spectrum"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0234306.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25826","article-title":"Identification of biofilms in post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea","volume":"126","author":"WK Idicula","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234306.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053837","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and bacterial biofilms in middle ear effusion of children with recurrent acute otitis media\u2013a potential treatment target","volume":"8","author":"RB Thornton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0234306.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6122607","article-title":"The rise and spread of a new pathogen: seroresistant Moraxella catarrhalis","volume":"17","author":"T Wirth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234306.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1597-1611.2006","article-title":"Binding of vitronectin by the Moraxella catarrhalis UspA2 protein interferes with late stages of the complement cascade","volume":"74","author":"AS Attia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0234306.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00573-08","article-title":"Modular arrangement of allelic variants explains the divergence in Moraxella catarrhalis UspA protein function","volume":"76","author":"MJ Brooks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0234306.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045452","article-title":"A novel group of Moraxella catarrhalis UspA proteins mediates cellular adhesion via CEACAMs and vitronectin","volume":"7","author":"DJ Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234306.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.311388.x","article-title":"Interaction of FimB and FimE with the fim switch that controls the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli K-12","volume":"21","author":"DL Gally","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0234306.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5055","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6055","article-title":"A random six-phase switch regulates pneumococcal virulence via global epigenetic changes","volume":"5","author":"AS Manso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T18:18:26Z","timestamp":1592504306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234306"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234306","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]}}}