{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:20:18Z","timestamp":1789600818217,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1115522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1115522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T17:34:30Z","timestamp":1591983270000},"page":"e0234584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigation of Japanese encephalitis virus as a cause of acute encephalitis in southern Pakistan, April 2015\u2013January 2018"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tazeen","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abida","family":"Rais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erum","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Hills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trudy V.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneeta","family":"Hotwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahida","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Shafquat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8602-5353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatima","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Marfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif Raza","family":"Khowaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1301-5239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sadia","family":"Shakoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234584.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030476","article-title":"Flavivirus encephalitis.","volume":"351","author":"T Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0234584.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30269-X","article-title":"Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: lessons learned from the Pacific and tropical America","volume":"18","author":"D Musso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12s","key":"pone.0234584.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1144","article-title":"Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses","volume":"10","author":"JS Mackenzie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"pone.0234584.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay009","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis: the vectors, ecology and potential for expansion","volume":"25","author":"JC Pearce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"GL Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Surveillance standards for vaccine-preventable diseases: Japanese Encephalitis, September 5, 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/monitoring_surveillance\/burden\/vpd\/WHO_SurveillanceVaccinePreventable_10_JE_R2.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed: 1st August 2019]"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organization, International Travel and Health: Japanese Encephalitis. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/ith\/diseases\/japanese_encephalitis\/en\/ [Accessed: 1st August 2019]"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234584.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890260304","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of infection with West Nile virus in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1983 and 1985","volume":"26","author":"M Sugamata","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0234584.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01866.x","article-title":"Detection of West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viral genome sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan.","volume":"38","author":"A Igarashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00020","article-title":"Human West Nile virus disease outbreak in Pakistan, 2015\u20132016.","volume":"6","author":"E Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058263","article-title":"Control of Japanese encephalitis\u2014within our grasp?","volume":"355","author":"T Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.929498","article-title":"Control of Japanese encephalitis in Asia: the time is now.","volume":"12","author":"S Hills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0234584.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6622a3","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis surveillance and immunization\u2014Asia and Western Pacific Regions, 2016.","volume":"66","author":"JD Heffelfinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.6.503-510.1976","article-title":"Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology","volume":"4","author":"HS Lindsey","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0234584.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00115-07","article-title":"Validation of a microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies","volume":"14","author":"AJ Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0234584.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1823-1826.2000","article-title":"Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections","volume":"38","author":"DA Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00095-09","article-title":"Evaluation of chimeric Japanese encephalitis and dengue viruses for use in diagnostic plaque reduction neutralization tests","volume":"16","author":"BW Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.020","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus lineage 1 sequences in blood donors, Punjab Province, Pakistan","volume":"81","author":"A Zohaib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.04.012","article-title":"Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management","volume":"95","author":"J Keiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101417","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis, Tibet, China","volume":"17","author":"YX Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.081641","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis in hill and mountain districts, Nepal","volume":"15","author":"A Bhattachan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.04.006","article-title":"DNA barcoding of five Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors (Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui).","volume":"183","author":"P Karthika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.014","article-title":"Mapping the potential distributions of etiological agent, vectors, and reservoirs of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia and Australia","volume":"188","author":"AM Samy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0234584.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-019-09665-4","article-title":"Long-term changes of a waterbird community over 26 years at a Pakistani Ramsar Site.","volume":"27","author":"I Khaliq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wetl Ecol Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234584.ref025","first-page":"278","article-title":"The agricultural importance of the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) in Pakistan.","volume":"35","author":"JE Brooks","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Pest Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0234584.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708714","article-title":"Acute viral encephalitis","volume":"379","author":"KL Tyler","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0234584.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0631","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus infections with the Inbios JE Detect\u2122 and DEN Detect\u2122 MAC-ELISA kits","volume":"94","author":"BW Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234584.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0194412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194412","article-title":"Development of an improved RT-qPCR Assay for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) RNA including a systematic review and comprehensive comparison with published methods.","volume":"13","author":"T Bharucha","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref029","article-title":"A need to raise the bar-A systematic review of temporal trends in diagnostics for Japanese encephalitis virus infection, and perspectives for future research","author":"T Bharucha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9611","key":"pone.0234584.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60238-X","article-title":"Pathogenic flaviviruses.","volume":"371","author":"EA Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref031","first-page":"69","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO position paper\u2013February 2015.","volume":"90","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"pone.0234584.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02724120","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis in India: an overview","volume":"71","author":"L Kabilan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T04:04:07Z","timestamp":1666929847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234584"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abdallah M.","family":"Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]}}}