{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:29:10Z","timestamp":1792682950847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>-borne viral diseases mainly Yellow Fever (YF), Dengue (DEN), Zika (ZIK) and Chikungunya (CHK) have contributed to many deaths\u2019 in the world especially in Africa. There have been major outbreaks of these diseases in West Africa. Although, YF outbreaks have occurred in Ghana over the years, no outbreak of DEN, ZIK and CHK has been recorded. However, the risk of outbreak is high due to its proximity to West African countries where outbreaks have been recently been recorded. This study surveyed the mosquito fauna to assess the risk of transmission of Yellow fever (YFV), Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses in Larabanga and Mole Game Reserve areas in Northern Ghana. The immature and adult stages of<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes were collected from Larabanga and Mole Game Reserve area. There was a significant (P&gt;0.001) number of mosquitoes collected during the rainy season than the dry season. A total of 1,930<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes were collected during the rainy season and morphologically identified. Of these, 1,915 (99.22%) were<jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>and 15 (0.22%) were<jats:italic>Aedes vittatus<\/jats:italic>. During the dry season, 27<jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes were collected. A total of 415<jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes were molecularly identified to subspecies level of which<jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>(Ae) aegypti aegypti<\/jats:italic>was the predominant subspecies. Both<jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>aegypti aegypti and Ae aegypti formosus<\/jats:italic>exist in sympatry in the area. All<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>pools (75) were negative for DENV, ZIKV and CHKV when examined by RT- PCR. Three Larval indices namely House Index, HI (percentage of houses positive for<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>larvae or pupae), Container Index, CI (the percentage of containers positive for<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>larvae or pupae) and Breteau Index, BI (number of positive containers per 100 houses inspected) were assessed as a measure for risk of transmission in the study area. The HI, CI and BI for both sites were as follows; Mole Game Reserve (HI, 42.1%, CI, 23.5% and BI, 100 for rainy season and 0 for all indices for dry season) and Larabanga (39%, 15.5% and 61 for rainy season and 2.3%, 1.3% and 2.3 for dry season). The spatial distribution of<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>breeding sites in both areas indicated that<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>larvae were breeding in areas with close proximity to humans. Lorry tires were the main source of<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>larvae in all the study areas. Information about the species composition and the potential role of<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes in future outbreaks of the diseases that they transmit is needed to design efficient surveillance and vector control tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T19:14:18Z","timestamp":1622574858000},"page":"e0234675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Species composition and risk of transmission of some Aedes-borne arboviruses in some sites in Northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joannitta","family":"Joannides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawuli","family":"Dzodzomenyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faustus","family":"Azerigyik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eudocia Esinam","family":"Agbosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-5548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph Harold","family":"Nyarko Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Pwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwin Kwame","family":"Amlalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Appawu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayashi","family":"Takashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiroh","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Buchwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Rochford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4274-6516","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi","family":"Bonney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-1010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Dadzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0234675.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30518-7","article-title":"Epidemic arboviral diseases: priorities for research and public health","volume":"17","author":"A Wilder-Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0234675.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000530","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000530","article-title":"Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases","volume":"3","author":"ES Paixao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0234675.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2013.9061","article-title":"Dengue: A Growing Menace\u2014A Snapshot of Recent Facts, Figures & Remedies.","volume":"9","author":"MK Bhattacharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0234675.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.170973","article-title":"Dengue Fever in Burkina Faso, 2016","volume":"24","author":"Z Tarnagda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0234675.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1179\/2046904712Z.00000000048","article-title":"The dengue situation in Africa.","volume":"32","author":"F. 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