{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T12:50:16Z","timestamp":1775307016582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006031","name":"United States - Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IS-5001-17C0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-5001-17C0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006031","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006450","name":"Bureau of Reclamation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R19PG00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R19PG00027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diseases caused by myxozoan parasites represent a significant threat to the health of salmonids in both the wild and aquaculture setting, and there are no effective therapeutants for their control. The myxozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Ceratonova shasta<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an intestinal parasite of salmonids that causes severe enteronecrosis and mortality. Most fish populations appear genetically fixed as resistant or susceptible to the parasite, offering an attractive model system for studying the immune response to myxozoans. We hypothesized that early recognition of the parasite is a critical factor driving resistance and that susceptible fish would have a delayed immune response. RNA-seq was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed in the gills and intestine during the early stages of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>shasta<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in both resistant and susceptible steelhead (\n                    <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). This revealed a downregulation of genes involved in the IFN-\u03b3 signaling pathway in the gills of both phenotypes. Despite this, resistant fish quickly contained the infection and several immune genes, including two innate immune receptors were upregulated. Susceptible fish, on the other hand, failed to control parasite proliferation and had no discernible immune response to the parasite, including a near-complete lack of differential gene expression in the intestine. Further sequencing of intestinal samples from susceptible fish during the middle and late stages of infection showed a vigorous yet ineffective immune response driven by IFN-\u03b3, and massive differential expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and the extracellular matrix, which coincided with the breakdown of the intestinal structure. Our results suggest that the parasite may be suppressing the host\u2019s immune system during the initial invasion, and that susceptible fish are unable to recognize the parasite invading the intestine or mount an effective immune response. These findings improve our understanding of myxozoan-host interactions while providing a set of putative resistance markers for future studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T14:56:58Z","timestamp":1614092218000},"page":"e0234837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A tale of two fish: Comparative transcriptomics of resistant and susceptible steelhead following exposure to Ceratonova shasta highlights differences in parasite recognition"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-7850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Damien E.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-9390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jerri L.","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0234837.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2307\/3284281","article-title":"The Life Cycle of Ceratomxa shasta, a Myxosporean Parasite of Salmonids, Requires a Freshwater Polychaete as an Alternate Host","volume":"83","author":"JL Bartholomew","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0234837.ref002","article-title":"Widespread distribution of Ceratonova shasta (cnidaria:myxosporea) genotypes indicates both evolutionary adaptation to its salmonid fish hosts.","author":"MET Stinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0234837.ref003","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Myxosporean Parasite (Ceratonova shasta and Parvicapsula minibicornis) Prevalence of Infection in Klamath River Basin Juvenile Chinook Salmon, April\u2014July 2015.","author":"K True","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0234837.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1981)110<507:CS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ceratomxa shasta: Epizootiology in Chinook Salmon of Central Oregon.","volume":"110","author":"D. 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