{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:15:39Z","timestamp":1772208939768,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO1GM056834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM056834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO1 AI124777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI124777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001117","name":"amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108834-55-RGRL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108834-55-RGRL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001117","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19POST34380400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19POST34380400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T13:40:04Z","timestamp":1594734004000},"page":"e0235012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Deficient uracil base excision repair leads to persistent dUMP in HIV proviruses during infection of monocytes and macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mesfin","family":"Meshesha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Esadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junru","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natela","family":"Churgulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushil Kumar","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2572-7807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James T.","family":"Stivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0235012.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01533-07","article-title":"Role of APOBEC3G\/F-Mediated Hypermutation in the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Elite Suppressors","volume":"82","author":"SK Gandhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.012","article-title":"APOBECs and virus restriction","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"RS Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219702110","article-title":"Uracil DNA glycosylase initiates degradation of HIV-1 cDNA containing misincorporated dUTP and prevents viral integration","volume":"110","author":"AF Weil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18447","article-title":"Diverse fates of uracilated HIV-1 DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells","volume":"5","author":"EC Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.01.016","article-title":"HIV-1-associated uracil DNA glycosylase activity controls dUTP misincorporation in viral DNA and is essential to the HIV-1 life cycle","volume":"17","author":"S Priet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9244","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102943108","article-title":",,,HIV DNA is heavily uracilated, which protects it from autointegration","volume":"108","author":"N Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1021\/ar800114w","article-title":"Keeping uracil out of DNA: physiological role, structure and catalytic mechanism of dUTPases","volume":"42","author":"BG V\u00e9rtessy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2174\/157016206775197673","article-title":"Uracils as a cellular weapon against viruses and mechanisms of viral escape","volume":"4","author":"S Priet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref009","first-page":"4153","article-title":"Deoxyuridine in DNA has an inhibitory and promutagenic effect on RNA transcription by diverse RNA polymerases","volume":"47","author":"J Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01707","article-title":"The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA","volume":"424","author":"H Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.11.010","article-title":"Intracellular nucleotide levels and the control of retroviral infections","volume":"436","author":"SM Amie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625983","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/625983","article-title":"The Impact of Macrophage Nucleotide Pools on HIV-1 Reverse Transcription, Viral Replication, and the Development of Novel Antiviral Agents","volume":"2012","author":"C Gavegnano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt974","article-title":"Vpr expression abolishes the capacity of HIV-1 infected cells to repair uracilated DNA","volume":"42","author":"P Eldin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37333","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.133181","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr loads uracil DNA glycosylase-2 onto DCAF1, a substrate recognition subunit of a cullin 4A-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase for proteasome-dependent degradation","volume":"285","author":"J Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10978","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.10978-10987.2005","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces the degradation of the UNG and SMUG uracil-DNA glycosylases","volume":"79","author":"B Schr\u00f6felbauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10256","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02654-08","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr modulates cellular expression of UNG2 via a negative transcriptional effect","volume":"83","author":"C Langevin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8093","DOI":"10.1021\/bi012180a","article-title":"Endogenous DNA lesions can inhibit the binding of the AP-1 (c-Jun) transcription factor","volume":"41","author":"DK Rogstad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101050-00005","article-title":"Monocytes harbour replication-competent, non-latent HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"15","author":"S Sonza","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0875","article-title":"Comparative analysis of total and integrated HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4 lymphocytes and monocytes after long treatment with HAART","volume":"43","author":"S Calcaterra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.06.008","article-title":"Reprint of: Monocyte subsets in man and other species","volume":"291","author":"L Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref021","first-page":"635","article-title":"The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection","volume":"74","author":"S Crowe","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.3.1284","article-title":"Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain","volume":"156","author":"HS Nottet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3499","article-title":"A model for monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier during HIV-1 encephalitis","volume":"158","author":"Y Persidsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25047","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.234047","article-title":"Abundant non-canonical dUTP found in primary human macrophages drives its frequent incorporation by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase","volume":"286","author":"EM Kennedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111919109","article-title":"Human monocytes are severely impaired in base and DNA double-strand break repair that renders them vulnerable to oxidative stress","volume":"108","author":"M Bauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10942","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.21.10942-10950.2002","article-title":"A sensitive, quantitative assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration","volume":"76","author":"U O\u2019Doherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201696025","article-title":"A G1\u2010like state allows HIV\u20101 to bypass SAMHD1 restriction in macrophages","volume":"36","author":"P Mlcochova","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.5.2881-2888.1995","article-title":"Replication in vitro and in vivo of an equine infectious anemia virus mutant deficient in dUTPase activity","volume":"69","author":"DL Lichtenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.2.1213-1217.1996","article-title":"Replication properties of dUTPase-deficient mutants of caprine and ovine lentiviruses","volume":"70","author":"P Turelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.5.2592-2600.1993","article-title":"Characterization of equine infectious anemia virus dUTPase: growth properties of a dUTPase-deficient mutant","volume":"67","author":"DS Threadgill","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1347","article-title":"Incorporation of uracil into viral DNA correlates with reduced replication of EIAV in macrophages","volume":"210","author":"WK Steagall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7039","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.7039-7047.2000","article-title":"The interaction of vpr with uracil DNA glycosylase modulates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 In vivo mutation rate","volume":"74","author":"LM Mansky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05163-11","article-title":"Recruitment of the nuclear form of uracil DNA glycosylase into virus particles participates in the full infectivity of HIV-1","volume":"86","author":"CA Guenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.1.535-540.1994","article-title":"Restriction and enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by modulation of intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools","volume":"68","author":"A Meyerhans","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51545","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408573200","article-title":"Macrophage tropism of HIV-1 depends on efficient cellular dNTP utilization by reverse transcriptase","volume":"279","author":"TL Diamond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0206126","article-title":"In vitro modeling of the HIV-macrophage reservoir","volume":"80","author":"A Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/v8040118","article-title":"HIV-1 Mutation and Recombination Rates Are Different in Macrophages and T-cells.","volume":"8","author":"D Cromer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001228","article-title":"HIV-1 envelope subregion length variation during disease progression","volume":"6","author":"ME Curlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2801","article-title":"Structure-function relationships of HIV-1 envelope sequence-variable regions refocus vaccine design","volume":"10","author":"S Zolla-Pazner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b00676","article-title":"Thermodynamic Stability of DNA Duplexes Comprising the Simplest T \u2192 dU Substitutions","volume":"57","author":"CE Carr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1021\/bi101536k","article-title":"Dynamics of uracil and 5-fluorouracil","volume":"50","author":"JB Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"DNA. Biochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28491","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202989200","article-title":"The Influence of the Thymine C5 Methyl Group on Spontaneous Base Pair Breathing in DNA","volume":"277","author":"S W\u00e4rml\u00e4nder","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9864","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00915-10","article-title":"Nature, Position, and Frequency of Mutations Made in a Single Cycle of HIV-1 Replication","volume":"84","author":"ME Abram","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0235012.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0063-9","article-title":"Deep sequencing of HIV-1 reverse transcripts reveals the multifaceted antiviral functions of APOBEC3G","volume":"3","author":"D Pollpeter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T03:07:02Z","timestamp":1696388822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235012"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Javier Marcelo","family":"Di Noia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235012","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.03.10.985283","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]}}}