{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:07:23Z","timestamp":1793200043006,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T17:40:31Z","timestamp":1593711631000},"page":"e0235606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["High prevalence of non-communicable diseases among key populations enrolled at a large HIV prevention &amp; treatment program in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-7544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dunstan","family":"Achwoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius O.","family":"Oyugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Mutave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Munywoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0700-9468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Achia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Akolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Festus","family":"Muriuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy","family":"Muthui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0235606.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"HH Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref002","volume-title":"A heavy burden: the productivity cost of illness in Africa Brazzaville","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirigia J, Mwabu G. The Indirect cost of illness in Africa2018.","DOI":"10.3823\/2568"},{"issue":"9841","key":"pone.0235606.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60861-7","article-title":"Hypertension in developing countries","volume":"380","author":"MM Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0235606.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001888","article-title":"Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"P Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref006","article-title":"Integrated care for human immunodeficiency virus, diabetes and hypertension in Africa","author":"A Garrib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0235606.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022288","article-title":"Hypertension and obesity as cardiovascular risk factors among HIV seropositive patients in Western Kenya","volume":"6","author":"GS Bloomfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref008","unstructured":"WHO. Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care for Key Populations\u2013 2016 Update. Geneva2016. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK379697\/."},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref009","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Key Populations 2019 [cited 2019 14th May 2019]. http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/topic\/key-populations."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0235606.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2012.743787","article-title":"Rewriting the narrative of the epidemiology of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"S Baral","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV\/AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0235606.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303630","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Disease in Sexual Minorities","volume":"107","author":"BA Caceres","year":"2017","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"pone.0235606.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13415","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiovascular disease research with lesbian, gay and bisexual adults","volume":"25","author":"BA Caceres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of clinical nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref013","first-page":"372","volume":"19","author":"D Achwoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Noncommunicable disease burden among HIV patients in care: a national retrospective longitudinal analysis of HIV-treatment outcomes in Kenya, 2003\u20132013"},{"issue":"10152","key":"pone.0235606.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31992-5","article-title":"NCD Countdown 2030: worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4","volume":"392","author":"JE Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref015","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Key Populations Atlas 2019 [cited 2019 14th May 2019]. http:\/\/www.aidsinfoonline.org\/kpatlas\/#\/home."},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref016","article-title":"Alcohol Misuse and Illicit Drug Use Among Occupational Groups at High Risk of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review","author":"MO Kuteesa","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS and behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0235606.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12890","article-title":"Systematic review of sex work interventions in sub-Saharan Africa: examining combination prevention approaches","volume":"22","author":"G Awungafac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref018","volume-title":"Global Summary of Findings of an Assessment of HIV Service Packages for Key Populations in Six Regions","author":"D Burrows","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref019","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. National Guidelines for HIV\/STI Programming with Key Populations in Kenya. National AIDS and STI Control Programme, 2014."},{"issue":"10148","key":"pone.0235606.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31439-9","article-title":"The global response and unmet actions for HIV and sex workers","volume":"392","author":"K Shannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"10040","key":"pone.0235606.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30781-4","article-title":"The global response to HIV in men who have sex with men","volume":"388","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0235606.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000571","article-title":"Evolving HIV epidemics: the urgent need to refocus on populations with risk","volume":"14","author":"T Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current opinion in HIV and AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0235606.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25364","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25364","article-title":"HIV, antiretroviral therapy and non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from 44 countries over the period 2000 to 2016","volume":"22","author":"L Coetzee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0235606.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221022","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221022","article-title":"Prevalence of non-communicable diseases among HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy at joint clinical research centre, Lubowa, Uganda","volume":"14","author":"S Kansiime","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0622-y","article-title":"Non-communicable diseases and related risk behaviors among men and women living with HIV in Cambodia: findings from a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"P Chhoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0235606.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187591","article-title":"High prevalence of non-communicable diseases and associated risk factors amongst adults living with HIV in Cambodia","volume":"12","author":"P Chhoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref027","unstructured":"Ministry of Health GoK. Kenya NCD Estimates Report 2019. (NACC) NACC; 2019."},{"issue":"sup2","key":"pone.0235606.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556561","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1556561","article-title":"Regional and sex-specific variation in BMI distribution in four sub-Saharan African countries: The H3Africa AWI-Gen study","volume":"11","author":"M Ramsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global health action"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0235606.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt198","article-title":"Association of HIV and ART with cardiometabolic traits in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"DG Dillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0235606.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204020","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, predictors, treatment, and control of hypertension among HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral treatment in public sector treatment programs in South Africa","volume":"13","author":"AT Brennan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0235606.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201404","article-title":"The association between antiretroviral therapy and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"CA Dimala","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"pone.0235606.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0125","article-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases Burden and Risk Factors in a Cohort of HIV+ Elderly Patients in Malawi","volume":"35","author":"F Ciccacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0235606.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0956-5","article-title":"Patho-immune Mechanisms of Hypertension in HIV: a Systematic and Thematic Review","volume":"21","author":"SK Masenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current hypertension reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0235606.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2015.97","article-title":"Evidence of increased blood pressure and hypertension risk among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"CU Nduka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of human hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3956-9","article-title":"The association between a detectable HIV viral load and non-communicable diseases comorbidity in HIV positive adults on antiretroviral therapy in Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"19","author":"S George","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4940-1","article-title":"The association between HIV and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"EP Hyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4402-1","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy in Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"T Fiseha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0235606.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0134410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134410","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism Disorders, HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy among Tanzanian Adults","volume":"10","author":"E Maganga","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0329","article-title":"Co-morbidities in persons infected with HIV: increased burden with older age and negative effects on health-related quality of life","volume":"27","author":"AT Rodriguez-Penney","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS patient care and STDs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0235606.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0278-y","article-title":"Unexpectedly high injection drug use, HIV and hepatitis C prevalence among female sex workers in the Republic of Mauritius","volume":"17","author":"LG Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS and behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0235606.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1211244","article-title":"The association between substance use and sub-optimal HIV treatment engagement among HIV-infected female sex workers in Lilongwe, Malawi","volume":"29","author":"KE Lancaster","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2010.e5","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between alcohol use and blood pressure among drivers of commercial vehicles in Calabar, Southern Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"S Bello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Public Health Afr"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref043","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","author":"C Fitzmaurice","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA oncology"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref044","article-title":"High Cancer Burden Among Antiretroviral Therapy Users in Malawi: a Record Linkage Study of Observational HIV Cohorts and Cancer Registry Data","author":"MJ Horner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0114-5","article-title":"Multiple HPV infections in female sex workers in Western Kenya: implications for prophylactic vaccines within this sub population","volume":"12","author":"S Menon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious agents and cancer"},{"key":"pone.0235606.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0671-4","article-title":"Multiple human papillomavirus infections are highly prevalent in the anal canal of human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men","volume":"14","author":"R Mendez-Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0235606.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199602","article-title":"A scoping review of the role of HIV-related stigma and discrimination in noncommunicable disease care","volume":"13","author":"MA Stockton","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0235606.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-017-0119-1","article-title":"\"When they know that you are a sex worker, you will be the last person to be treated\": Perceptions and experiences of female sex workers in accessing HIV services in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"RK Wanyenze","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC international health and human rights"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0235606.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12761","article-title":"HIV prevention and care-seeking behaviour among female sex workers in four cities in India, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Y Lafort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0235606.ref050","first-page":"e13","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"PK Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235606","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T17:41:13Z","timestamp":1593711673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235606"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joel Msafiri","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235606","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]}}}