{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:25:54Z","timestamp":1777397154422,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Engineering Research Council","award":["#414764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#414764"]}]},{"name":"Aviagen North America","award":["# 414702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414702"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008681","name":"Canadian Poultry Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#414703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#414703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015101","name":"Chicken Farmers of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["# 414704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sofina Foods Inc.","award":["# 414705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414705"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008776","name":"Poultry Industry Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 414706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Prairie Pride Natural Foods Ltd.","award":["# 414707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414707"]}]},{"name":"Saskatchewan Broiler Hatching Egg Producer\u2019s Marketing Board","award":["# 414708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414708"]}]},{"name":"Saskatchewan Egg Producers","award":["# 414709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414709"]}]},{"name":"Saskatchewan Turkey Producers\u2019 Marketing Board","award":["# 414710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414710"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008920","name":"University of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["# 414739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 414739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Limited use of medication in poultry feed led to the investigation of exogenous enzymes as antibiotic alternatives for controlling enteric disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet \u03b2-glucanase (BGase) and medication on \u03b2-glucan depolymerization, digestive tract characteristics, and growth performance of broilers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Broilers were fed hulless barley (HB) based diets with BGase (Econase GT 200P from AB Vista; 0 and 0.1%) and medication (Bacitracin and Salinomycin Na; with and without) arranged as a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial. In Experiment 1, 160 broilers were housed in cages from d 0 to 28. Each treatment was assigned to 10 cages. In Experiment 2, broilers (2376) were housed in floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5. Each treatment was assigned to one floor pen in each of nine rooms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Experiment 1, the soluble \u03b2-glucan weighted average molecular weight (Mw) in the ileal digesta was lower with medication in the 0% BGase treatments. Peak molecular weight (Mp) and Mw were lower with BGase regardless of medication. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% \u03b2-glucan (MW-10%) was lower with BGase addition. In Experiment 2, Mp was lower with medication in 0% BGase treatments. Beta-glucanase resulted in lower Mp regardless of medication, and the degree of response was lower with medication. The MW-10% was lower with BGase despite antibiotic addition. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were higher with medication regardless of BGase use through-out the trial (except d 11\u201322 feed efficiency). Beta-glucanase resulted in higher body weight gain after d 11 and worsened and improved feed efficiency before and after d 11, respectively, in unmedicated treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>BGase and medication caused the depolymerization of soluble ileal \u03b2-glucan. Beta-glucanase acted as a partial replacement for diet medication by increasing growth performance in coccidiosis vaccinated broilers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T17:53:01Z","timestamp":1620064381000},"page":"e0236231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of exogenous \u03b2-glucanase on ileal digesta soluble \u03b2-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of coccidiosis vaccinated broiler chickens fed hulless barley-based diets with and without medication"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Namalika D.","family":"Karunaratne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-2922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rex W.","family":"Newkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy P.","family":"Ames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Van Kessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-4290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry L.","family":"Classen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0236231.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00249","article-title":"History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds","volume":"86","author":"JIR Castanon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000207","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review.","volume":"18","author":"U Gadde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref003","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial poultry pathogens: a review","author":"NT Nhung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.11.001","article-title":"Treatment, promotion, commotion: antibiotic alternatives in food-producing animals","volume":"21","author":"HK Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252313000030","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics: a symposium on the challenges and solutions for animal production","volume":"14","author":"BS Seal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0236231.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.031","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production","volume":"141","author":"F Gagg\u00eca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3373","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of xylooligosaccharides, arabinoxylooligosaccharides and soluble arabinoxylan on the microbial composition of caecal contents of chickens","volume":"88","author":"CM Courtin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01616-15","article-title":"Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides on broiler chicken performance and microbiota","volume":"81","author":"C De Maesschalck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00193","article-title":"Arabinoxylooligosaccharides from wheat bran inhibit salmonella colonization in broiler chickens","volume":"87","author":"V Eeckhaut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660802004890","article-title":"Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology","volume":"49","author":"B Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4561","article-title":"Wheat- and barley-based diets with or without additives influence broiler chicken performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora","volume":"92","author":"ML Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas85-085","article-title":"Studies on the use of hulless barley in chick diets: deleterious effects and methods of alleviation","volume":"65","author":"HL Classen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19920006","article-title":"Barley \u03b2-glucan: an antinutritional factor in poultry feeding","volume":"5","author":"JM McNab","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref014","first-page":"23","article-title":"Utilization of diverse hulless barley properties to maximize food product quality","volume":"51","author":"N Ames","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereal Food World"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2010.507243","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-glucanase and xylanase supplementation of barley- and rye-based diets on caecal microbiota of broiler chickens","volume":"51","author":"D J\u00f3zefiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas-2014-183","article-title":"Effect of sodium butyrate on intestinal inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens","volume":"95","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.04.001","article-title":"The effect of peppermint essential oil and fructooligosaccharides, as alternatives to virginiamycin, on growth performance, digestibility, gut morphology and immune response of male broilers","volume":"175","author":"N Khodambashi Emami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.9.1311","article-title":"Effect of zinc bacitracin and salinomycin on intestinal microflora and performance of broilers","volume":"79","author":"RM Engberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.4.634","article-title":"Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action","volume":"84","author":"JJ Dibner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.01.001","article-title":"Effects of anticoccidial and antibiotic growth promoter programs on broiler performance and immune status","volume":"93","author":"K-W Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02603","article-title":"Influence of penicillin on microbial diversity of the cecal microbiota in broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"P Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.4.605","article-title":"The nonantibiotic anti-inflammatory effect of antimicrobial growth promoters, the real mode of action? A hypothesis","volume":"86","author":"TA Niewold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref023","volume-title":"Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals","author":"ED Olfert","year":"1993","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref024","unstructured":"CCAC Guidelines on: The Care and Use of Farm Animals in Research, Teaching and Testing. Canadian Council on Animal Care. Ottawa, ON, Canada; 2009."},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref025","unstructured":"Official methods of analysis, 18th. ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA; 2006."},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref026","unstructured":"Ross 308 Broiler Performance Objectives. 2014. Available: http:\/\/en.aviagen.com\/assets\/Tech_Center\/Ross_Broiler\/Ross-308-Broiler-PO-2014-EN.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref027","unstructured":"Approved Methods of Analysis. 11th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN; 2010."},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref028","article-title":"International Association for Cereal Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria","author":"ICC Standard Methods","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-04-16-0099-R","article-title":"Effect of heat treatments on microbial load and associated changes to \u03b2-glucan physicochemical properties in whole grain barley","volume":"94","author":"L Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.580","article-title":"Rapid determination of short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents and faeces of humans and rats by acidified water-extraction and direct-injection gas chromatography","volume":"20","author":"G Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew324","article-title":"Comparison of goblet cell staining methods in jejunal mucosa of turkey poults","volume":"96","author":"SO Osho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref032","unstructured":"SAS User\u2019s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.4 ed. SAS Institute. Inc., Cary, NC; 2008."},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2014.06.027","article-title":"Changes in relative molecular weight distribution of soluble barley beta-glucan during passage through the small intestine of pigs","volume":"168","author":"AK Holtekj\u00f8len","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4221-7","article-title":"Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of branched polymers and polysaccharides","volume":"399","author":"M Gaborieau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.105543","article-title":"Different aggregation states of barley \u03b2-glucan molecules affects their solution behavior: a comparative analysis","volume":"101","author":"Y Zhao","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll. 2020"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00327-12","article-title":"Higher-level production of volatile fatty acids in vitro by chicken gut microbiotas than by human gut microbiotas as determined by functional analyses","volume":"78","author":"F Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez159","article-title":"Age-related arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed wheat-based diets","volume":"98","author":"A Bautil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0370372","article-title":"Influence of enzyme supplementation and water treatment on the nutritional value of different grains for poults","volume":"37","author":"RE Fry","year":"1958","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.01.030","article-title":"Identification of chicken intestinal microbiota correlated with the efficiency of energy extraction from feed","volume":"164","author":"D Stanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.064","article-title":"Effects of hulless barley and exogenous beta-glucanase levels on ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of broiler chickens","volume":"100","author":"ND Karunaratne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02300-10","article-title":"Influence of antimicrobial feed additives on broiler commensal posthatch gut microbiota development and performance","volume":"77","author":"VA Torok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew088","article-title":"Long-term effects of early life microbiota disturbance on adaptive immunity in laying hens","volume":"95","author":"K Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref043","first-page":"6","article-title":"Antibiotic-mediated changes in the fecal microbiome of broiler chickens define the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes.","author":"W Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.200510107","article-title":"Isolation and identification of mixed linked beta-glucan degrading bacteria in the intestine of broiler chickens and partial characterization of respective 1,3\u20131,4-beta-glucanase activities","volume":"46","author":"L Beckmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.036","article-title":"Hulless barley and beta-glucanase levels in the diet affect the performance of coccidiosis-challenged broiler chickens in an age-dependent manner","volume":"100","author":"ND Karunaratne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0721731","article-title":"Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat- and barley-based diets","volume":"72","author":"A Brenes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960141","article-title":"The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens","volume":"75","author":"H J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.3.476","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology","volume":"85","author":"RD Miles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref049","first-page":"8","article-title":"Human gut microbiota: toward an ecology of disease.","author":"S Selber-Hnatiw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3552","article-title":"Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota","volume":"14","author":"GP Donaldson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/67156\/2005","article-title":"Fermentation in broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract as affected by high dietary inclusion of barley and by \u03b2-glucanase supplementation","volume":"14","author":"D J\u00f3zefiak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Feed Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2009.128.132","article-title":"The effects of direct-fed microbial, primalac, or salinomycin supplementation on intestinal lactate isomers and cecal volatile fatty acid concentrations in broilers","volume":"8","author":"J Croom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.187","article-title":"Mucin dynamics and microbial populations in chicken small intestine are changed by dietary probiotic and antibiotic growth promoter supplementation","volume":"135","author":"A Smirnov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027949","article-title":"Modulations of the chicken cecal microbiome and metagenome in response to anticoccidial and growth promoter treatment","volume":"6","author":"JL Danzeisen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.007","article-title":"Temporal restriction of enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets has no effect in broiler performance","volume":"198","author":"V Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:19960308","article-title":"Effect of monensin on the crop microflora of broiler chickens","volume":"45","author":"V Rada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Zootech"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.1.299s","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption","volume":"55","author":"WF Caspary","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181be9f84","article-title":"Leptin affects intestinal epithelial cell turnover in correlation with leptin receptor expression along the villus-crypt axis after massive small bowel resection in a rat","volume":"66","author":"I Sukhotnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803343106","article-title":"Efficient colonic mucosal wound repair requires Trem2 signaling","volume":"106","author":"H Seno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114195","article-title":"IL-6 stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation and repair after injury.","volume":"9","author":"KA Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01277.x","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation","volume":"24","author":"KB Bamford","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.134.6.666","article-title":"The acute inflammatory response and its regulation","volume":"134","author":"PA Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.12.2106","article-title":"Effects of feed additives and mixed Eimeria species infection on intestinal microbial ecology of broilers","volume":"85","author":"ME Hume","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184890","article-title":"Effects of Eimeria tenella infection on chicken caecal microbiome diversity, exploring variation associated with severity of pathology","volume":"12","author":"SE Macdonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey533","article-title":"Responses of broiler chickens to Eimeria challenge when fed a nucleotide-rich yeast extract","volume":"98","author":"H Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0661878","article-title":"Feed and water consumption and performance of male and female broilers fed salinomycin and maduramicin followed by a withdrawal ration","volume":"66","author":"J Radu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547769","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidials on growth of Clostridium perfringens in the caeca and on performance of broiler chickens","volume":"39","author":"K Elwinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"pone.0236231.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2815-2823.2006","article-title":"Characterization of intestinal microbiota and response to dietary virginiamycin supplementation in the broiler chicken","volume":"72","author":"TJ Dumonceaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0236231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T17:55:29Z","timestamp":1620064529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0236231"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Arda","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0236231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]}}}