{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:35:55Z","timestamp":1792794955017,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T17:42:55Z","timestamp":1599154975000},"page":"e0237891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence of pterygium and its associated factors among adults aged 18 years and above in Gambella town, Southwest Ethiopia, May 2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-4497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofonias Addis","family":"Fekadu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel Sinshaw","family":"Assem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nebiyat Feleke","family":"Adimassu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0237891.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beijing T, Study E. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Pterygium in Adult Chinese. 2007; 1184\u20136.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318151f9c6"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0237891.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and the eye","volume":"45","author":"MS Oliva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"December","key":"pone.0237891.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.19082\/5914","author":"M Yasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electronic Physician (ISSN: 2008-5842)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0237891.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-1324-6","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors for pterygium in Han and Mongolian adults: a cross-sectional study in inner Mongolian, China","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.3.289","article-title":"Epidemiology of pterygium in Victoria, Australia","volume":"84","author":"CA McCarty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu L, Wu J, Geng J, Yuan Z, Huang D. Geographical prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2013; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003787.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003787"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658648","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/658648","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in rural older adults in Shandong Province of China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2014","author":"W Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174450","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of pterygium among adults living in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"DH Anbesse","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref009","volume":"6586","author":"S Saw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pterygium: prevalence, demography and risk factors"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref010","first-page":"962","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Pterygium and Its Subtypes in Korea","volume":"2013","author":"T Hyung","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0237891.ref011","first-page":"75","volume":"426","author":"SOF Prevalence","year":"2019","journal-title":"STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR PTERYGIUM IN Uday Narayan Singh Punit Parasurampuria * * Corresponding Author"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0237891.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.006","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium in a southwestern island of Japan: the Kumejima Study","volume":"148","author":"H Shiroma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref013","first-page":"25","author":"SR Durkin","journal-title":"The prevalence, severity and risk factors for pterygium in central Myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref014","unstructured":"Rezvan F, Hashemi H, Emamian MH, Kheirkhah A. The Prevalence and Determinants of Pterygium and Pinguecula in an Urban Population in Shahroud. Iran; 2012. p. 5."},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref015","first-page":"844","article-title":"World health organization; Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002","volume":"82","author":"S Resnikoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"al Glob data Vis Impair year 2002 Bull World Heal Organ 2004;82844\u201351"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0237891.ref016","volume":"48","author":"LW Hirst","year":"2003","journal-title":"MAJOR REVIEW The Treatment Of Pterygium"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0237891.ref017","volume":"6","author":"C Concepts","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Pathogenesis of Pterygium"},{"issue":"December 2004","key":"pone.0237891.ref018","first-page":"5336","author":"JS Paula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prevalence of pterygium and cataract in indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon rain forest"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0237891.ref019","first-page":"446","article-title":"Epidemiology and Associated Morbidity of Pterygium: A Large, Community-Based Case-Control Study","volume":"31","author":"AY Nemet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0237891.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Panda- S. Prevalence and Associated Factors for Pterygium in Rural Agrarian Central India","volume":"8","author":"V Nangia","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Central India Eye and Medical Study"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174587","article-title":"Variations of pterygium prevalence by age, gender and geographic characteristics in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"P Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vol. 12. PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1438","article-title":"Viral involvement in the pathogenesis and clinical features of ophthalmic pterygium (Review)","volume":"32","author":"AK Chalkia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemayehu TK, Addis Y, Bizuneh ZY, Tegegne M, Alemayehu AM. Prevalence and associated factors of pterygium among adults living in Kolla diba town. Northwest Ethiopia; 2019.","DOI":"10.1101\/2019.12.11.19014290"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyo EY, Mun GH, Yoon KC. The prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in South Korea: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009\u20132010. 2016;1\u20137.","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2016015"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0237891.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1341","article-title":"Pterygium in Indonesia: prevalence, severity and risk factors","volume":"86","author":"G Gazzard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"C","key":"pone.0237891.ref026","first-page":"0","volume":"9394","author":"TYIN Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Pterygium The Tanjong Pagar Survey"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0237891.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.041","article-title":"Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in school children in rwanda: Clinical presentation, impact on school attendance, and access to medical care","volume":"119","author":"SK De Smedt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0237891.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0087-0","article-title":"Sun exposure to the eyes: predicted UV protection effectiveness of various sunglasses","volume":"29","author":"C Backes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0237891.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4357.2015","article-title":"Solar eye protection practices of civilian aircrew","volume":"86","author":"AC Chorley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0237891.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15994","article-title":"Prevalence and racial differences in pterygium: A cross- sectional study in han and uygur adults in Xinjiang, China","volume":"56","author":"T Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0237891.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6703005","article-title":"Pterygium in an aged Mongolian population: a population-based study in China","volume":"23","author":"J Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0237891.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1341","article-title":"Pterygium in Indonesia: prevalence, severity and risk factors","volume":"86","author":"G Gazzard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"February 2008","key":"pone.0237891.ref033","first-page":"1125","author":"A Fotouhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium and pinguecula: the Tehran Eye Study"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2016.09.002","article-title":"The prevalence and determinants of pterygium in rural areas","volume":"29","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0237891.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150847","article-title":"The prevalence of and risk factors for pterygium in an urban Malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES)","volume":"94","author":"H Cajucom-Uy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0237891.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12529","article-title":"Population-based assessment of prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"54","author":"S Marmamula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12044","article-title":"Prevalence of pterygium in a population in Northern Japan: the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcome in Aizu Cohort Study","volume":"91","author":"T Tano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"November 2010","key":"pone.0237891.ref038","first-page":"350","author":"E Viso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium in a general population in Spain"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0237891.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"F Rezvan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref040","article-title":"Occupational exposure to solar radiation at different latitudes and pterygium: A systematic review of the last 10 years of scientific literature","author":"A Modenese","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0237891.ref041","first-page":"181","article-title":"Pterygium in aged population in Doumen County, China","volume":"18","author":"K Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Yan ke xue bao (2016)"},{"key":"pone.0237891.ref042","first-page":"516","article-title":"Prevalence of pterygium and pingueculum among motorcyclists in Nigeria","volume":"Vol. 84","author":"CU Ukponmwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0237891","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T17:43:46Z","timestamp":1599155026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0237891"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James","family":"Wolffsohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0237891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]}}}