{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:41:29Z","timestamp":1792586489187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T17:31:31Z","timestamp":1599067891000},"page":"e0238445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Muscle weakness has a limited effect on motor control of gait in Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-3004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ines","family":"Vandekerckhove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-3354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathalie","family":"De Beukelaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Van den Hauwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Shuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Van Campenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Goemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaat","family":"Desloovere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-3867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marije","family":"Goudriaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0238445.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(91)90039-U","article-title":"Population Frequencies of Inherited Neuromuscular diseases -a World Survey","volume":"1","author":"AEH Emery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1981.tb08442.x","article-title":"The pathomechanics of gait in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"DH Sutherland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200203000-00009","article-title":"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"M Sussman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3710","article-title":"Dystrophin protects the sarcolemma from stresses developed during muscle contraction","volume":"90","author":"BJ Petrof","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref005","first-page":"490","article-title":"Increased susceptibility of EDL muscles from mdx mice to damage induced by contraction with stretch","volume":"15","author":"P Moens","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-020-0221-2","article-title":"Mechanical factors tune the sensitivity of mdx muscle to eccentric strength loss and its protection by antioxidant and calcium modulators","volume":"10","author":"A Lindsay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2014.01.015","article-title":"Quantitative MRI and strength measurements in the assessment of muscle quality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"BH Wokke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref008","article-title":"The identification and treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy","author":"JR Gage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinics in developmental medicine"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(76)90077-0","article-title":"The pathology of the muscle spindle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"29","author":"M Swash","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21644","article-title":"Preservation of muscle spindles in a 27-year-old Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient importance for regenerative medicine strategies","volume":"41","author":"D Skuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.038","article-title":"Gait deviations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy\u2014Part 2. Statistical non-parametric mapping to analyze gait deviations in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"63","author":"M Goudriaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00246","article-title":"Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies","volume":"9","author":"DJ Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00052.2018","article-title":"Synergies in coordination: a comprehensive overview of neural, computational, and behavioral approaches","volume":"120","author":"M Bruton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210617","article-title":"Locomotor Primitives in Newborn Babies and Their Development","volume":"997","author":"N Dominici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00005","article-title":"Non-neural Muscle Weakness Has Limited Influence on Complexity of Motor Control during Gait","volume":"12","author":"M Goudriaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref016","volume-title":"Fundamentals of motor control","author":"M Latash","year":"2012","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13126","article-title":"Dynamic motor control is associated with treatment outcomes for children with cerebral palsy","volume":"58","author":"MH Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0502-3","article-title":"Muscle synergies demonstrate only minimal changes after treatment in cerebral palsy","volume":"16","author":"BR Shuman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12826","article-title":"Muscle synergies and complexity of neuromuscular control during gait in Cerebral Palsy","volume":"57","author":"KM Steele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00580.2018","article-title":"Gait synergetic neuromuscular control in children with Cerebral Palsy at different Gross Motor Function Classification System levels","author":"Y Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.03.006","article-title":"Associations Between Muscle Synergies and Treatment Outcomes in Cerebral Palsy Are Robust Across Clinical Centers","volume":"99","author":"BR Shuman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.042","article-title":"Neuromechanical principles underlying movement modularity and their implications for rehabilitation","volume":"86","author":"LH Ting","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00810.2005","article-title":"Muscle synergy organization is robust across a variety of postural perturbations","volume":"96","author":"G Torres-Oviedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200201000-00006","article-title":"Motor Control Strategies Revealed in the Structure of Motor variability","volume":"30","author":"ML Latash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002434","article-title":"Challenges and new approaches to proving the existence of muscle synergies of neural origin","volume":"8","author":"JJ Kutch","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161938","article-title":"Muscle activation during gait in children with duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"11","author":"J Ropars","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078000100205","article-title":"Dynamic gait electromyography study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients","volume":"1","author":"GJ Melkonian","year":"1980","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2013.02.012","article-title":"Early neurodevelopmental assessment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"M Pane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811413581","article-title":"Gait assessment in children with duchenne muscular dystrophy during long-distance walking","volume":"27","author":"R Ganea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref030","article-title":"European Recommendations for Surface ElectroMyoGraphy","volume":"8","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Enschede Roessingh Res Dev"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2017.00050","article-title":"Electromyography Data Processing Impacts Muscle Synergies during Gait for Unimpaired Children and Children with Cerebral Palsy","volume":"11","author":"BR Shuman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref032","volume-title":"Normalization of EMG Signals","author":"M Halaki","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/44565","article-title":"Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization","volume":"401","author":"DD Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.01.011","article-title":"Repeatability of muscle synergies within and between days for typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy","volume":"45","author":"B Shuman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref035","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new strength assessment to evaluate the association between muscle weakness and gait pathology in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"828","author":"M Goudriaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-002-0309-2","article-title":"Influence of anatomical, physical, and detection-system parameters on surface EMG","volume":"86","author":"D Farina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/03093640309167976","article-title":"The effect of subcutaneous fat on myoelectric signal amplitude and cross-talk","volume":"27","author":"TA Kuiken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref038","first-page":"307","article-title":"Influence of subcutaneous fat on mechanomyographic signals at three levels of voluntary effort","volume":"32","author":"EM Scheeren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Eng Biomed"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031","article-title":"Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories","volume":"46","author":"TC Pataky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.10.018","article-title":"Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) for alpha-based statistical analyses of multi-muscle EMG time-series","volume":"25","author":"MA Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation","volume":"141","author":"CO Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref042","volume-title":"Practical Statistics for medical research","author":"DG Altman","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref043","first-page":"626","article-title":"Rectangular Confidence Regions for the Means of Multivariate Normal Distributions","volume":"62","author":"Z Sidak","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314217","article-title":"Muscle hypertrophy in Duchenne muscular dystorphy. A pathological and morphometric study","volume":"236","author":"D Cross","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.319","article-title":"Longitudinal MRI quantification of muscle degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"3","author":"C Godi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90071-0","article-title":"Size and composition of the calf and quadriceps muscles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A tomographic and histochemical study","volume":"60","author":"DA Jones","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0318-y","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mechanics, energetics and plasticity","volume":"14","author":"RL Lieber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lower extremity joint contracture according to ambulatory status in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"Y-A Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.09.004","article-title":"Evaluation of plantar flexion contracture contribution during the gait of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"N Gaudreault","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00094-1","article-title":"A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 1: Fuzzy, statistical and fractal methods","volume":"13","author":"T Chau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23181","article-title":"Stair dimension affects knee kinematics and kinetics in patients with good outcome after TKA similarly as in healthy subjects","volume":"34","author":"UK Trinler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0470023589","volume-title":"Applied Mixed Models in Medicine","author":"H Brown","year":"2006","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00335","article-title":"Motor modules of human locomotion: Influence of EMG averaging, concatenation, and number of step cycles","volume":"8","author":"AS Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4993-07.2008","article-title":"Neural Control of Motion-to-Force Transitions with the Fingertip","volume":"28","author":"M Venkadesan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref055","volume-title":"A textbook of muscle physiology for sport exercise, physiotherapy and medicine","author":"D Jones","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0238445.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.10.092","article-title":"Association between isometric muscle strength and gait joint kinetics in adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy","volume":"33","author":"AJ Dallmeijer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238445","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T17:31:51Z","timestamp":1599067911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238445"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nizam Uddin","family":"Ahamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238445","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}}}