{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:39:11Z","timestamp":1792813151071,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Canin Research Centre, France","award":["FA 3721 4007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA 3721 4007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T17:25:47Z","timestamp":1600277147000},"page":"e0238517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Behavioural and cognitive changes in aged pet dogs: No effects of an enriched diet and lifelong training"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-2406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Durga","family":"Chapagain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Range","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Affenzeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Vir\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0238517.ref001","first-page":"1","volume":"54","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Salthouse-BioPsych-54(2000)"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.3.403","article-title":"The Processing-Speed Theory of Adult Age Differences in Cognition","volume":"103","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.11.2.316","article-title":"Age and working memory: The role of perceptual speed, the central executive, and the phonological loop","volume":"11","author":"JE Fisk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020276","article-title":"Effects of Aging and Divided Attention on Memory for Items and Their Contexts","volume":"25","author":"FIM Craik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019363","article-title":"Age trends for failures of sustained attention","volume":"25","author":"JSA Carriere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref006","first-page":"175","article-title":"Aging and memory in humans","volume":"1","author":"AM Brickman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Encycl Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(00)00040-4","article-title":"Structural models of the relations between age and measures of cognitive functioning","volume":"29","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.19.3.482","article-title":"Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: A meta-analytic review","volume":"19","author":"MG Rhodes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020912","article-title":"Aging and task switching: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"C Wasylyshyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014296","article-title":"Plasticity of Executive Functioning in Young and Older Adults: Immediate Training Gains, Transfer, and Long-Term Maintenance","volume":"23","author":"E Dahlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref011","first-page":"323","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Age Differences and Longitudinal Age Changes of Personality in Middle Adulthood and Old Age","volume":"75","author":"M Allemand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pers. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111)"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross J, Carstensen LL, Tsai J, Skorpen CG, Hsu AYC. Emotion and Aging\u202f: Experience, Expression, and Control. 1997; 590\u2013599.","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.4.590"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carstensen LL, Mikels JA, Mather M. Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation and emotion. In J. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, 343\u2013362. Reprint request http:\/\/people.ucsc.edu\/~. 2006; 343\u2013362.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012101264-9\/50018-5"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00100","article-title":"Aging of attentiveness in border collies and other pet dog breeds: The protective benefits of lifelong training","volume":"9","author":"D Chapagain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref015","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs\u2014Part 2: Social responsiveness","volume":"194","author":"B Rosado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-015-9866-x","article-title":"Aging effects on discrimination learning, logical reasoning and memory in pet dogs","volume":"38","author":"LJ Wallis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age (Omaha)"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.108.1.57","article-title":"Cognitive functions and aging in the dog: acquisition of nonspatial visual tasks","volume":"108","author":"NW Milgram","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.54403","article-title":"Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging","volume":"10","author":"PD Tapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref019","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs\u2013Part 1: Locomotor and exploratory behaviour","volume":"194","author":"B Rosado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(00)00101-9","article-title":"The canine as a model of human cognitive aging: Recent developments","volume":"24","author":"B Adams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.56503","article-title":"Effects of Age on Measures of Complex Working Memory Span in the Beagle Dog (Canis familiaris) Using Two Versions of a Spatial List Learning Paradigm","volume":"10","author":"PD Tapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learn Mem. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00493","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Age Differences in Canine Personality Traits; Influence of Breed, Sex, Previous Trauma, and Dog Obedience Tasks","volume":"6","author":"LJ Wallis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.04.004","article-title":"Dog and owner demographic characteristics and dog personality trait associations","volume":"81","author":"E Kubinyi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2019.01.005","article-title":"Old dog, new tricks: Age differences in dog personality traits, associations with human personality traits, and links to important outcomes","volume":"79","author":"WJ Chopik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref025","first-page":"868","article-title":"Age, sex and reproductive status affect boldness in dogs","volume":"197","author":"MJ Starling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1323","article-title":"Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience","volume":"5","author":"T Hedden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci. Nature Publishing Group"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.03.016","article-title":"A canine model of human aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1832","author":"E Head","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta\u2014Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref028","article-title":"The dog aging project: translational geroscience in companion animals","author":"M Kaeberlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensky MK, Gosling SD, Sinn DL. Chapter Five\u2014The World from a Dog\u2019s Point of View: A Review and Synthesis of Dog Cognition Research. In: Brockmann HJ, Roper TJ, Naguib M, Mitani JC, Simmons LW, Barrett LBT-A in the S of B, editors. Academic Press; 2013. pp. 209\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-407186-5.00005-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407186-5.00005-7"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref030","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Frontiers in Psychology","author":"L Wallis","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000481621","article-title":"Cognitive Aging in Dogs","volume":"64","author":"D Chapagain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2015.08.003","article-title":"Natural or pathologic? Discrepancies in the study of behavioral and cognitive signs in aging family dogs","volume":"11","author":"D Szab\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.05.014","article-title":"The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): A data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool","volume":"188","author":"HE Salvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.08.034","article-title":"Assessment of severity and progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome using the CAnine DEmentia Scale (CADES)","volume":"171","author":"A Madari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195448","article-title":"Personality traits in companion dogs\u2014Results from the VIDOPET","volume":"13","author":"B Turcs\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2004.01.007","article-title":"Long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment reduces age-dependent impairment in discrimination and reversal learning in beagle dogs","volume":"39","author":"NW Milgram","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01290","article-title":"Acute exercise and aerobic fitness influence selective attention during visual search","volume":"5","author":"T Bullock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.03.019","article-title":"A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging","volume":"44","author":"PD Bamidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400266101","article-title":"Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging","volume":"101","author":"SJ Colcombe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00008","article-title":"Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone? A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults","volume":"5","author":"E Shatil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00048","article-title":"Benefits of physical exercise on basic visuo-motor functions across age","volume":"6","author":"M Berchicci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00028-3","article-title":"Exercise, experience and the aging brain","volume":"23","author":"JD Churchill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x","article-title":"Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced?","volume":"9","author":"C Hertzog","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interes"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-006-0035-z","article-title":"Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: The SimA study in a 5-year perspective","volume":"3","author":"WD Oswald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.02.014","article-title":"Learning ability in aged beagle dogs is preserved by behavioral enrichment and dietary fortification: a two-year longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"NW Milgram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.012","article-title":"Proteomic identification of brain proteins in the canine model of human aging following a long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment: relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"WO Opii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref047","first-page":"377","article-title":"Effects of antioxidant supplementation on the aging process","volume":"2","author":"D Fusco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging. Dove Medical Press"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2004.12.011","article-title":"Chronic antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactor administration improves discrimination learning in aged but not young dogs","volume":"29","author":"CT Siwak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00020-9","article-title":"Dietary enrichment counteracts age-associated cognitive dysfunction in canines","volume":"23","author":"NW Milgram","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00039-8","article-title":"Landmark discrimination learning in the dog: effects of age, an antioxidant fortified food, and cognitive strategy","volume":"26","author":"NW Milgram","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517003464","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement in old dogs from dietary supplementation with a nutrient blend containing arginine, antioxidants, B vitamins and fish oil","volume":"119","author":"Y Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00073-8","article-title":"Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces cognitive dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"CW Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.015","article-title":"Effect of mitochondrial cofactors and antioxidants supplementation on cognition in the aged canine","volume":"37","author":"S Snigdha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.08.014","article-title":"Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging","volume":"220","author":"E Head","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9831","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6194-09.2010","article-title":"Synergistic effects of long-term antioxidant diet and behavioral enrichment on beta-amyloid load and non-amyloidogenic processing in aged canines","volume":"30","author":"V Pop","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.313S","article-title":"Reversing the deleterious effects of aging on neuronal communication and behavior: beneficial properties of fruit polyphenolic compounds","volume":"81","author":"JA Joseph","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.7.2065","article-title":"Cognitive Function in Elderly People Is Influenced by Vitamin E Status","volume":"132","author":"RM Ortega","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.203","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamin intake and risk of alzheimer disease","volume":"60","author":"J Luchsinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-007-0057-8","article-title":"Diet and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"JA Luchsinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2421","article-title":"Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function","volume":"9","author":"F G\u00f3mez-Pinilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275 LP","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103860.75218.A5","article-title":"Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age","volume":"62","author":"S Kalmijn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2007.08.003","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine (PS) as a potential nutraceutical for canine brain aging: A review","volume":"3","author":"MC Osella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref063","unstructured":"Denapoli JS, Dodman NH, Shuster L, Rand WM, Gross KL. Effect of dietary protein content and tryptophan supplementation on dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity in dogs. 1658."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref064","unstructured":"Landsberg G, Hunthausen W, Ackerman L. The effects of aging on behavior in senior pets. Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat. 3rd editio. Elsevier Ltd.; 2013."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2006.02.005","article-title":"Visuospatial function in the beagle dog: An early marker of cognitive decline in a model of human aging and dementia","volume":"86","author":"CM Studzinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref066","first-page":"396","article-title":"Can a fortified food affect the behavioral manifestations of age-related cognitive decline in dogs?","volume":"98","author":"CE Dodd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Med Anim Clin"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00127","article-title":"Efficacy of a Therapeutic Diet on Dogs With Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS): A Prospective Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Study","volume":"5","author":"Y Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Council NR. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. The National Academies Press.; 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/10668.","DOI":"10.17226\/10668"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.09.014","article-title":"Selective attention to humans in companion dogs, Canis familiaris","volume":"80","author":"P Mongillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Behav. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197989","article-title":"Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems","volume":"21","author":"S Gagnon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim Learn Behav"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref071","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref072","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D. sjstats: Statistical Functions for Regression Models. https:\/\/CRANR-project.org\/package=sjstats. 2018; Version 0.17.1."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref073","first-page":"99","article-title":"Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test\u202f: A Self-Report Measure of Dependency-Detachment Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test\u202f: A Self-Report Measure of Dependency\u2013Detachment","volume":"80","author":"DL Streiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-017-1112-8","article-title":"Temperament and problem solving in a population of adolescent guide dogs","volume":"20","author":"EE Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Cogn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2016.01.008","article-title":"A general intelligence factor in dogs","volume":"55","author":"R Arden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intelligence. Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.02.006","article-title":"A problem with problem solving\u202f: motivational traits, but not cognition, predict success on novel operant foraging tasks","volume":"114","author":"JO Van Horik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Behav. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref077","article-title":"Reinforcer e ff ectiveness in dogs\u2014The in fl uence of quantity and quality","author":"S Riemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.890408","article-title":"Aging affects acquisition and reversal of reward-based associative learning","volume":"15","author":"JA Weiler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learn Mem. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.004","article-title":"Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on two simple tasks in pet dogs","volume":"198","author":"a Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref080","article-title":"My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Same Household","author":"L Menchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00121-1","article-title":"Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)","volume":"79","author":"K Svartberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.04.004","article-title":"Growing old gracefully\u2014Behavioral changes associated with \u201csuccessful aging\u201d in the dog, Canis familiaris","volume":"6","author":"HE Salvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res. Elsevier Inc"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref083","first-page":"64","article-title":"Does the attachment system towards owners change in aged dogs?","volume":"120","author":"P Mongillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Behav. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00200","article-title":"Demographic Change Across the Lifespan of Pet Dogs and Their Impact on Health Status","volume":"5","author":"LJ Wallis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.08.030","article-title":"A comparison of behaviour in test and in everyday life: Evidence of three consistent boldness-related personality traits in dogs","volume":"91","author":"K Svartberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00120-X","article-title":"Shyness\u2013boldness predicts performance in working dogs","volume":"79","author":"K Svartberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref087","first-page":"2762","author":"A Sih","year":"2012","journal-title":"Linking behavioural syndromes and cognition: a behavioural ecology perspective"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref088","unstructured":"Griffin AS, Guillette LM, Healy SD. Cognition and personality: an analysis of an emerging field. Elsevier Ltd; 2015; 1\u20138."},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1787","article-title":"Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs","volume":"218","author":"JC Neilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc. American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.03.017","article-title":"Clinical signs and management of anxiety, sleeplessness, and cognitive dysfunction in the senior pet","volume":"41","author":"GM Landsberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref091","volume-title":"The intelligence of dogs: A guide to the thoughts, emotions, and inner lives or our canine companions","author":"S Coren","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref092","unstructured":"Wallis LJ. Cognitive development and aging in domestic dogs. Doctoral Dissertation (UniWien). 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0238517.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5326\/0390227","article-title":"Feature Maximizing Quality of Life in Ill Animals","volume":"39","author":"FD Mcmillan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref094","first-page":"80","article-title":"Physical Exercise, Aging, and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study","volume":"67","author":"YE Geda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0238517.ref095","first-page":"S16","article-title":"Harnessing brain and cognitive reserve for the prevention of dementia","volume":"51","author":"M Valenzuela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry. Medknow Publications"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref096","first-page":"379 LP","article-title":"Orthopaedic problems in old dogs","volume":"126","author":"LC Vaughan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref097","first-page":"65","volume":"75","author":"CT Siwak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Age-dependent decline in locomotor activity in dogs is environment specific"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.11.007","article-title":"Under diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction: A cross-sectional survey of older companion dogs","volume":"184","author":"HE Salvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416667718","article-title":"A Review of Cognitive Abilities in Dogs, 1911 Through 2016","volume":"25","author":"R Arden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci. SAGE Publications"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135176","article-title":"Citizen science as a new tool in dog cognition research","volume":"10","author":"L Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00236","article-title":"Enhanced Selection of Assistance and Explosive Detection Dogs Using Cognitive Measures","volume":"5","author":"EL MacLean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.01.005","article-title":"Individual differences in cooperative communicative skills are more similar between dogs and humans than chimpanzees","volume":"126","author":"EL MacLean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Behav. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.04.011","article-title":"Consistency of personality traits in dogs","volume":"69","author":"K Svartberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.03.006","article-title":"Trainability and boldness traits differ between dog breed clusters based on conventional breed categories and genetic relatedness","volume":"132","author":"B Turcs\u00e1n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511596544.023","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology","author":"CG Deyoung","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02217","article-title":"Effect of age and dietary intervention on discrimination learning in pet dogs","volume":"9","author":"D Chapagain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120937","article-title":"A Combination Cocktail Improves Spatial Attention in a Canine Model of Human Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"E Head","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000097","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs","volume":"103","author":"Y Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0238517.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.6.1.54","article-title":"Landmark Discrimination Learning in the Dog","volume":"6","author":"NW Milgram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Learn Mem"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238517","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T17:40:05Z","timestamp":1668793205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238517"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Juan J","family":"Loor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]}}}