{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:24:12Z","timestamp":1788348252272,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We showed the results of the first long-term analysis (1987\u20132019) of pesticide (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) impact in the Rolling Pampa, one of the main agricultural areas of Argentina. Using a clear and meaningful tool, based not only on acute toxicity but also on scaling up the results to total sown area, we identified time trends for both pesticide impact and the ecoefficiency of modal pesticide profiles. By the end of the time series, soybean showed a pesticide impact four times greater than maize crop in the studied area. However, the time trend in the subperiod (2012\u20132019) showed a sustainable pattern of pesticide use in soybean crop, with an improvement in its ecoefficiency. Oppositely, maize showed a relatively constant ecoefficiency value during most of the time series, suggesting a possible path towards an unsustainable cropping system. Findings from this study suggest that some efforts have to be made to improve the pest management decisions towards a more efficient pesticide profiles in maize crop and to keep improving the ecotoxicity pesticide profile in soybean crops because of its large sown area in the studied area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T13:51:12Z","timestamp":1604584272000},"page":"e0238676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Historical trends of the ecotoxicological pesticide risk from the main grain crops in Rolling Pampa (Argentina)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-4876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego O.","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Ghersa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra C.","family":"Duarte Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Pessah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0238676.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10452","article-title":"Solutions for a cultivated planet","volume":"478","author":"JA Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2163","article-title":"Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B","volume":"363","author":"J Pretty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2011.11.010","article-title":"Measuring the effects of pesticides on bacterial communities in soil: a critical review","volume":"49","author":"G Imfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Biology"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070826","article-title":"Worldwide Regulations of Standard Values of Pesticides for Human Health Risk Control: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Z Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2011.08.008","article-title":"Farming with fewer pesticides: EU pesticide review and resulting challenges for UK agriculture","volume":"31","author":"RJ Hillocks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Protection"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44402-0_9","volume-title":"Decision Support Systems for Weed Management","author":"DO Ferraro","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116437108","article-title":"Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture","volume":"108","author":"D Tilman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/21683565.2013.876483","article-title":"Trajectories of French Field Crop Farmers Moving Toward Sustainable Farming Practices: Change, Learning, and Links with the Advisory Services","volume":"38","author":"E Chantre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.016","article-title":"A long-term sustainability assessment of an Argentinian agricultural system based on emergy synthesis","volume":"306","author":"DO Ferraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref010","article-title":"Agricultural pesticide use trends and policy issues: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service","author":"CD Osteen","year":"1989"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2011.08.003","article-title":"Variation in pesticide hazard from arable crop production in Great Britain from 1992 to 2008: An extended time-series analysis","volume":"30","author":"P Cross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crop Protection"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14865","article-title":"Long-term trends in the intensity and relative toxicity of herbicide use","volume":"8","author":"AR Kniss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.05.014","article-title":"Suitability of pesticide risk indicators for less developed countries: a comparison","volume":"142","author":"G Feola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agriculture, ecosystems & environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3430","article-title":"A process to provide harmonised criteria for the selection of indicators for pesticide risk reduction within the framework of the sustainable use directive","volume":"69","author":"M Calliera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pest management science"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00197-9","article-title":"Comparison and evaluation of eight pesticide environmental risk indicators developed in Europe and recommendations for future use","volume":"90","author":"J Reus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131200","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) for comparing herbicides","volume":"10","author":"AR Kniss","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/40.3.180","article-title":"Evaluating the environmental effect of pesticides: a critique of the environmental impact quotient","volume":"40","author":"J Dushoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Entomologist"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides","volume":"139","author":"J Kovach","year":"1992","journal-title":"New York\u00b4s Food Life Sci Bull"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref019","first-page":"651","article-title":"Some limitations of qualitative risk rating systems. Risk Analysis","volume":"25","author":"LA Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"An International Journal"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.07.035","article-title":"Modeling of interactions among sustainability components of an agro-ecosystem using local knowledge through cognitive mapping and fuzzy inference system","volume":"37","author":"T Rajaram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(03)00017-3","article-title":"Evaluation of environmental impact indicators using fuzzy logic to assess the mixed cropping systems of the Inland Pampa, Argentina","volume":"96","author":"DO Ferraro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref022","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Ecosystems of the world 8A Natural grasslands Introduction and western hemisphere","author":"A Soriano","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-007-9133-0","article-title":"Multi-causal and integrated assessment of sustainability: the case of agriculturization in the Argentine Pampas. Environment","volume":"11","author":"D Manuel-Navarrete","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development and Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref024","first-page":"374","article-title":"Managing U.S. cropland to sequester carbon in soil","volume":"54","author":"R Lal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref025","first-page":"87","article-title":"The impact of the introduction of transgenic crops in Argentinean agriculture","volume":"6","author":"E Trigo","year":"2003","journal-title":"AgBioForum"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2010.05.011","article-title":"Experience from use of GMOs in Argentinian agriculture, economy and environment","volume":"27","author":"M Burachik","year":"2010","journal-title":"New biotechnology"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3798\/tia.1937-0237.16022","article-title":"Regulatory Science and Social Movements: The Trial Against the Use of Pesticides in Argentina","volume":"9","author":"F Arancibia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theory in Action"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2011.05.014","article-title":"Assessing the cross-scale impact of 50 years of agricultural transformation in Argentina","volume":"124","author":"EF Viglizzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/wsc.2019.59","article-title":"Pesticide regulation in the European Union and the glyphosate controversy","volume":"68","author":"P Kudsk","journal-title":"Weed Science"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref030","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Ecosystems of the World","author":"A Hall","year":"1992"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref031","unstructured":"MinAgri (2018) Estimaciones agr\u00edcolas (Series of agricultural statistics by crop, year, province and department of the Argentine Republic). In: 2019] AawmgavA, editor."},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"LA Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620111202","article-title":"A framework for ecological risk assessment at the EPA","volume":"11","author":"SB Norton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environmental toxicology and chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref034","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology.","author":"M Newman","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482287400","volume-title":"Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments","author":"DG Rose","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313399","article-title":"Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control","volume":"15","author":"T Takagi","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref037","unstructured":"AAPRESID (2019) Evoluci\u00f3n de la superficie en Siembra Directa en Argentina. https:\/\/www.aapresid.org.ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Estimacio%CC%81n-de-superficien-en-SD.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-6339(15)30010-1","article-title":"The transformation of agriculture in Argentina through soil conservation","volume":"2","author":"R Peiretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref039","article-title":"Kendall rank correlation and Mann-Kendall trend test.","author":"AI McLeod","year":"2005","journal-title":"R Package Kendall"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-521X(95)00011-S","article-title":"Is agricultural sustainability a useful concept","volume":"50","author":"JW Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Agricultural Systems"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2019.07.003","article-title":"Agrochemicals in the wild: Identifying links between pesticide use and declines of nontarget organisms.","volume":"11","author":"F Mancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref042","first-page":"1050","article-title":"An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment","volume":"22","author":"KA Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"An International Journal"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.1997.0162","article-title":"Assessing the sustainability of agriculture at the planning stage","volume":"52","author":"C Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of environmental management"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19550-2_7","volume-title":"Sustainability Perspectives: Science, Policy and Practice: A Global View of Theories, Policies and Practice in Sustainable Development.","author":"A Thomson","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.04.005","article-title":"PestScreen: A screening approach for scoring and ranking pesticides by their environmental and toxicological concern","volume":"33","author":"R Juraske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-4715-24-24","article-title":"Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the US\u2014the first sixteen years","volume":"24","author":"CM Benbrook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.287","article-title":"Quantity based indicators fail to identify extreme pesticide risks","volume":"646","author":"N M\u00f6hring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077550","article-title":"Using a hazard quotient to evaluate pesticide residues detected in pollen trapped from honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Connecticut","volume":"8","author":"KA Stoner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(00)00142-0","article-title":"Adaptation and use of a fuzzy expert system to assess the environmental effect of pesticides applied to field crops","volume":"80","author":"O Roussel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2008.07.006","article-title":"Fuzzy knowledge-based model for soil condition assessment in Argentinean cropping systems.","volume":"24","author":"DO Ferraro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental Modelling & Software"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/su3020424","article-title":"The use of reference values in indicator-based methods for the environmental assessment of agricultural systems","volume":"3","author":"I Acosta-Alba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00339-1","article-title":"Reducing acute poisoning in developing countries\u2014options for restricting the availability of pesticides","volume":"192","author":"F Konradsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref053","unstructured":"SENASA (2011) Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Resoluci\u00f3n 511\/2011. Available in: https:\/\/wwwsenasagobar\/."},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.044","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) of pesticides from freshwater ecosystems in the Pampas region of Argentina: Legacy and current use chemicals contribution","volume":"691","author":"FG Iturburu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref055","unstructured":"SENASA (2018) Registro nacional de terpeutica vegetal (National registry of vegetal therapeutics). 2018 ed. Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13750-015-0043-6","article-title":"What are the non-food impacts of GM crop cultivation on farmers\u2019 health","volume":"4","author":"M Racovita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Evidence"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2016.04.012","article-title":"Current situation of pests targeted by Bt crops","volume":"15","author":"CA Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Latin America. Current Opinion in Insect Science"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2013.04.004","article-title":"Fuzzy assessment of herbicide resistance risk: Glyphosate-resistant johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., in Argentina's croplands","volume":"51","author":"DO Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crop Protection"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref059","volume-title":"Dealing with the evolution and spread of Sorghum halepense glyphosate resistance in Argentina","author":"BE Valverde","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1614\/WS-D-16-00016.1","article-title":"A New Approach to Weed Management to Mitigate Herbicide Resistance in Argentina","volume":"64","author":"C Rubione","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weed Science"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsase.2020.100320","article-title":"Crop rotations in the Rolling Pampas: Characterization, spatial pattern and its potential controls","author":"D de Abelleyra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.08.020","article-title":"Trade-off assessments between environmental and economic indicators in cropping systems of Pampa region (Argentina)","volume":"83","author":"DO Ferraro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"key":"pone.0238676.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.166","article-title":"Towards sustainable development through the perspective of eco-efficiency\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"165","author":"RGG Caiado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T13:51:36Z","timestamp":1604584296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238676"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Uludag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238676","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.09.02.280560","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}