{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:32:59Z","timestamp":1790947979141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T17:48:03Z","timestamp":1600364883000},"page":"e0239252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":333,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Harvey W.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin K.","family":"Niles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Kroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-9062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Holick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0239252.ref001","first-page":"bmjnph-2020","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality increases with northerly latitude after adjustment for age suggesting a link with ultraviolet and vitamin D","author":"J Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000096","article-title":"Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency to slow the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"M. Kohlmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1909","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1909","article-title":"Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections","volume":"27","author":"MT Zdrenghea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"10229","key":"pone.0239252.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239252.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","article-title":"Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths","volume":"12","author":"WB Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0239252.ref006","first-page":"1359","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"A D\u2019Avolio","journal-title":"Nutrients. 2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239252.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.050","article-title":"Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"CE Hastie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref008","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Quest SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR (Quest Diagnostics Infectious Disease, Inc.)\u2013Manufacturer Instructions\/Package Insert. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136231\/download. Accessed August 20, 2020."},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref009","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. cobas SARS-CoV-2 (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.)\u2013Manufacturer Instructions\/Package. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136049\/download. Accessed August 20, 2020."},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref010","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Panther Fusion SARS-CoV-2 Assay (Hologic, Inc.)\u2013Manufacturer Instructions\/Package. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136156\/download. Accessed August 20, 2020."},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref011","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Aptima SARS-CoV-2 assay\u2013Instructions for Use. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/138096\/download. Accessed August 20, 2020."},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref012","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey, 2018 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B03002; generated by Justin Niles; using data.census.gov; Available from: https:\/\/data.census.gov\/cedsi\/; (1 June 2020)"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref013","article-title":"Temporal Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Parathyroid Hormone in the United States","author":"MH Kroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239252.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2174\/18715281113129990046","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of infection","volume":"12","author":"CF Gunville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref015","first-page":"439","article-title":"The Whiti Te Ra Study, G. Association of vitamin D deficiency with severity of acute respiratory infection: A case-control study in New Zealand children","volume":"44","author":"TR Ingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011088","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults","volume":"5","author":"JR Sabetta","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of individual participant data","volume":"356","author":"AR Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0239252.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001991","article-title":"Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults","volume":"106","author":"DJ Berry","year":"2011","journal-title":"The British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0239252.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15752","article-title":"Letter: Covid-19, and vitamin D","volume":"51","author":"A Panarese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10238","key":"pone.0239252.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31102-8","article-title":"Sharpening the global focus on ethnicity and race in the tie of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"N Bhala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0239252.ref021","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 in Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/racial-ethnic-minorities.html#10. Accessed June 4, 2020."},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0239252.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548","article-title":"COVID-19 and African Americans","volume":"323","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0239252.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment & Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T17:48:28Z","timestamp":1600364908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sakamuri V.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]}}}