{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:25:42Z","timestamp":1781612742060,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recent literature data have highlighted the important role of hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy complications and prenatal\/perinatal health. Vitamin D action takes place through vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of\n                      <jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene,\n                      <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>BsmI<\/jats:italic>\n                      , have been reported to affect VDR molecular signaling and be associated with several disorders, including hypertension.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We carried out a case-control study aimed to assess vitamin D serum levels together with the distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>VDR Fok<\/jats:italic>\n                      I and\n                      <jats:italic>Bsm<\/jats:italic>\n                      I in a population of 116 pregnant women with gestational hypertension (GH) and 69 normotensive pregnant women (CTR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hypovitaminosis D was largely prevalent both in GH (81%) and CTR (69%) pregnant women. Vitamin D insufficiency (10\u201330 ng\/ml) had a similar frequency in both cohorts (GH 60% vs CTR 58%), while vitamin D deficiency (&lt;10 ng\/ml) was more frequent in GH cohort than in CTR one (21% vs 11%). Regression analysis showed that GH was significantly (p = 0.031) linked to vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with a threefold-increased risk of developing GH, while a normal vitamin D status was protective against this pregnancy disorder. The\n                      <jats:italic>VDR FF\/bB<\/jats:italic>\n                      haplotype was the most frequent in GH cohort, and resulted to increase by two folds the risk for GH. Notably, hypovitaminosis D was found in 92% of\n                      <jats:italic>FF\/bB<\/jats:italic>\n                      GH pregnant women, 27% of which had deficient vitamin D levels compared with 11% of their normotensive counterparts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite being preliminary, these findings suggest that genotyping of pregnant women for\n                      <jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymorphisms may be useful for a tailored vitamin D supplementation strategy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T13:25:06Z","timestamp":1605273906000},"page":"e0239407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["RETRACTED: Role of Vitamin-D Receptor (VDR) single nucleotide polymorphisms in gestational hypertension development: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Caccamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attilio","family":"Cannata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Ricca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana Maria","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella Federica","family":"Montalto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Alibrandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ercoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-9390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberta","family":"Granese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0239407.ref001","article-title":"Early serum markers of pre-eclampsia: are we stepping forward?","author":"AS Lagan\u00e0","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017954","article-title":"Epidemiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension","volume":"19","author":"J Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref003","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref004","article-title":"Decreased Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) and increased Natural Killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood as possible early markers of preeclampsia: a case-control analysis","author":"AS Lagan\u00e0","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref005","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia","author":"BC Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nwh.2020.02.001","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in Women","volume":"24","author":"FA Vahedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref007","article-title":"miRNA expression for early diagnosis of preeclampsia onset: hope or hype?","author":"AS Lagan\u00e0","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref008","article-title":"The pleiotropic effects of vitamin D in gynaecological and obstetric diseases: An overview on a hot topic","author":"F Colonese","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref009","article-title":"Vitamin D in human reproduction: The more, the better? An evidence-based critical appraisal","author":"AS Lagan\u00e0","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref010","article-title":"Vitamin D, reproductive disorders and assisted reproduction: evidences and perspectives","author":"M Fichera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref011","article-title":"Expressions of vitamin D metabolic components VDBP, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies","author":"R Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol\u2014Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1408-3","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"JM Purswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref013","article-title":"The implications of vitamin D status during pregnancy on mother and her developing child","author":"CL Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5935","article-title":"Elevated nitric oxide\/peroxynitrite theory of multiple chemical sensitivity: Central role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the sensitivity mechanism","volume":"111","author":"ML Pall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref015","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and perinatal outcomes","author":"TH Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref016","article-title":"Vitamin D and gestational diabetes mellitus: Is there a link?","author":"G Rizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref017","article-title":"Vitamin D and regulation of vascular cell function","author":"N Jamali","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref018","article-title":"Vitamin D and endothelial function","author":"DH Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref019","article-title":"Vitamin D: A negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure","author":"YC Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030892","article-title":"Health Risks of Hypovitaminosis D: A Review of New Molecular Insights","volume":"19","author":"D Caccamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref021","article-title":"Molecular characterization of renin-angiotensin system components in human intrauterine tissues and fetal membranes from vaginal delivery and cesarean section","author":"FZ Marques","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref022","article-title":"Causes and Consequences of the Dysregulated Maternal Renin-Angiotensin System in Preeclampsia","author":"ER Lumbers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref023","article-title":"Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor: New Insights in the Treatment of Hypertension","author":"L Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref024","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and diseases","author":"JM Valdivielso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref025","article-title":"Association of VDR gene polymorphisms with heart disease in chronic kidney disease patients","author":"D Santoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref026","article-title":"The association between Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and susceptibility to hypertension: A meta-analysis","author":"YB Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref027","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy: Where we are and where we should go","author":"ME Kiely","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030294","article-title":"Systematic review of vitamin D and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"KM O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref029","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"NC Serrano-D\u00edaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref030","article-title":"Vitamin D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and preeclampsia","author":"TO Scholl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin 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Biol Rep"},{"key":"pone.0239407.ref040","article-title":"The effect of VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D level on blood pressure, risk of preeclampsia, gestational age, and body mass index","author":"N Rezavand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339144","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339144","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"record-id":"69627"}],"container-title":["PLOS 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